Mnemonics

Question 1

Retroperitoneal structures
Sadpucker

Answer 1

Suprarenal adrenal gland
Aorta
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

Question 2

Causes of hydrops
Caustic

Answer 2

Congenital
Anaemia
Unexplained
Structural
Tts taps or trap
Infection- parvovirus, coxsackie, storch, varicella, adenovirus
Cardiac- tachy, Brady, structural anomaly, high output state

Question 3

Level of evidence 1

Answer 3

The evidence of treatment or intervention has been obtained from at least 1 well designed and well conducted rct

Question 4

Level of evidence 2

Answer 4

The evidence has been obtained from well designed controlled trials but the assignment to treatment arms has not been random

Question 5

Level of evidence 2-2

Answer 5

The evidence has been obtained from cohort or case control studies. The evidence has often been obtained by separate studies or groups in different centres

Question 6

Level of evidence 2-3

Answer 6

Evidence at this level has come from other types of studies ie case series (not rct, cohort, case control)

Question 7

Level of evidence 3

Answer 7

Perhaps the weakest form of evidence to guide management- the opinion of respected authorities, perhaps based on descriptive studies or expert opinions

Question 8

UK level of evidence ranking

Answer 8

A consistent findings in RCT, cohort and appear valid in different populations

Question 9

UK level of evidence ranking B

Answer 9

Sometimes extrapolations from level A studies, but more usually results of retrospective cohort or case control studies

Question 10

UK level of evidence for treatments and interventions C

Answer 10

Studies for level C are case series or sometimes extrapolations made from level B evidence

Question 11

UK level of evidence for treatment/interventions D

Answer 11

Expert opinions maybe based on results of basic science studies