Mnemonics Flashcards
1
Q
Features of Cushing’s syndrome?
A
SWEDISH Spinal tenderness Weight central obesity Easy bruising Diabetes Interscapular fat pad Striae Hypertension
2
Q
DKA management in first hour?
A
PANICS
Potassium - measure hourly: omit if anuria suspected or serum level >5.5
Acidosis: check venous pH and ketone levels
Normal saline: 500ml over 15 mins if systolic <90mmHg, otherwise 1l in first hour
Insulin by infusion: (50 units in 50mls at rate 0.1u/kg/hr)
Catheter and cultures: urine, blood
Stomach aspiration if drowsy; ET tube first if no gag reflex (most common cause of death in DKA)
3
Q
Features of acromegaly?
A
ABCDEF Arthropathy BP Carpal tunnel Diabetes Enlarged tongue, heart, thyroid Fields: homnymous hemianopia
4
Q
Features of hypocalcaemia?
A
CATS of hypocalcaemia Convulsion Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms and stridor
5
Q
Causes of impalpable apex beat?
A
COPD COPD Obesity Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
6
Q
Features of Marfan’s
A
MARFAP Mitral valve prolapse Arm span > height Really narrow aorta (coarctation) Fibrillin gene Aortic dilatation and regurgitation Pneumothorax
7
Q
STEMI long-term Mx
A
ABCDE ACEi Beta blocker Cholesterol lowering Dual antiplatelet (12 months 75mg) Echo to assess LV
8
Q
STEMI immediate medical
A
MACO Morphine + metoclopramide 10/10 Aspirin 300mg loading dose Clopidogrel 300mg Oxygen only if low sats
9
Q
Complications of MI
A
Sudden death on PRAED street Sudden cardiac death Pump failure Rupture of papillary muscle and septum Aneurysm and arrhythmias Embolism Dressler’s (pericarditis after weeks - rare. Normal pericarditis immediately is much more common)
10
Q
Pulmonary Oedema x ray features
A
ABCDE Alevolar shadowing Kerley B lines Cardiomegaly Upper lobe diversion Effusion
11
Q
Causes of left ventricular failure?
A
CHAMP Coronary syndrome Hypertensive emergency Arrhytmia Mechanical (e.g. acute valve leak, VSD, LV anuerysm) Pulmonary embolus
12
Q
criteria for IE
A
Duke’s - BE FIRE
Major:
Blood cultures
Echo findings
Fever
Immunological signs
Risk factors
Embolism
13
Q
Criteria for RHD?
A
Jones - PACES FACER
PACES Pancarditis Arthralgia Chorea Erythema marginatum Subcutaneous noduels
FACER Fever Arthralgia CRP/eSR ECG showing increased PR interval RHD in past
14
Q
Features of pulmonary hypertension
A
JAPPP2
JVP raised Ascites Pulsatile hepatomegaly Parasternal heave P2 loud
15
Q
Valve complications
A
BEHAVE Bleeding Endocarditis Haemolysis AF Valve dysfunction Emboli
16
Q
Indications for permanent pacemaker
A
HAM ST
Heart failure AV block (complete) Mobitz type 2 Sick sinus syndrome Tachyarrythmias drug resistant
17
Q
Asthma long term management aside from medical
A
MDT TEAM MDT Technique for inhaler use Educate Allergen and trigger avoidance Monitor (peak flow diary)
18
Q
Classification of severe and life threatening asthma
A
Severe: 25-50-110-S RR 25 PEFR 50% or less HR 110 Sentences cannot be completed in one breath
Life threat: 33-92-CHEST PEFR 33% or less O2 sats 92% Cyanosis Hypotension Exhaustion Silent chest Tachy/bradyarrythmias
19
Q
Causes of PE
A
FAT BaT Fat Air Thrombus Bacteria Travel
20
Q
ILD causes
A
UPPER - TB SPACE TB Sarcoidosis Pneumoconiosis (coal) Ankylosing spondylitis Cystic fibrosis Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
LOWER - ACID Asbestosis Connective Tissue disease Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Drugs
DRUGS - AMEN Amiodarone Methotrexate Ergot-derivatives Nitrofurantoin
21
Q
Pneumonia severity classification system
A
CURB-65 Confusion - new mental confusion with MMSE of 8 or less Urea raised above 7 RR over 30 BP low under 90 65
22
Q
Complications of cirrhosis
A
CAVES Coagulopathy Ascites Varices Encephalopathy SBP
23
Q
Causes of hepatomegaly
A
3 C’s, 3 I’s
CCF
Cancer
CLD
Infiltrative (HH, amyloid)
Infection: hepatitis
Immune response: Autoimmune hep
24
Q
Causes of splenomegaly
A
CHINA
Congestive: portal HTN, CCF Haem: haemolytic, sickle cell Infective: malaria, EBV, leishmaniasis Neoplasm: CML, CLL, myelfibrosis Autoimmune: Felty's, sarcoid
25
Indications for dialysis in acute kidney injury
```
AEIOU
Acidosis <7.1
Electrolytes e.g. refractory hyperK
Intoxications e.g. salicylate
Overloaded with fluid
Uraemic e.g. encephalopathy
```
26
Causes of CKD
The causes are HIDDEN
```
Hypertension
Infection
Diabetes
Drugs
Exotica (e.g. lupus)
Nephritis
```
27
Features of CKD
BIG BEAN
Breathlessness
Itching
Gout
Bone pain
Energy levels low
Ankle swelling/anaemia
Neuropathy
28
Acute nephritis features?
HOST
Hypertension
Oliguria
Smoky brown haematuria with red cell casts
Trace of oedema
29
Features of tuberous sclerosis
ASHLEAF
```
Ashleaf spots
Shagreen patches
Heart rhabdomyosarcoma
Lung hamartomas
Epilepsy
Angiomyolipoma
Facial angiofibroma
```
30
Complications of chronic renal failure
CRF HEALS
```
Cardiovascular disease
Renal osteodystrophy
Fluid
HTN
Electrolyte disturbance
Anaemia
Leg restlessness
Sensory neuropathy
```
31
Extra intestinal features of IBD
A PIE SAC
```
Aphthous ulcers
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Iritis
Erythema nodosum
Sclerosing cholangitis
Arthritis
Clubbing
```
32
Mx of IBD?
```
UC: 5PC, 5AI
Induction:
5 ASA
Pred
Ciclosporin
```
Remission
5 ASA
Azathioprine
Infliximab
Crohns: CAMI
Induction: corticosteroids
Remission: Azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab
33
L DOPA side effects
DOPAMINE
34
Features of Wilson's disease
```
CLANK
Cornea: kaiser flescher rings
Liver: CLD
Arthritis
Neuro signs e.g parkinsons
Kidney - fanconi's sign
```
35
Causes of cerebellar syndrome
```
DAISIES
Demyelination
Alcohol
Ischaemia
SOL
Inherited: Wilson's, Friedrich's ataxia
Epilepsy
System atrophy e.g multiple
```
36
Causes of peripheral neuropathy
```
ABCDE plus plus plus
Alcohol
B12
CKD
Diabetes
Every vasculitis
Plus:
Cancer
Lyme disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth
```
37
Contraindications to thrombosis
```
High BROW
High BP
Bleeding tendency
Recent surgery
Over 80 yrs
Woke with symptoms
```
38
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
```
RAPID TTT
Rheumatoid arthritis
Acromegaly
Pregnancy
Idiopathic
Diabetes
Trauma
Tendons
Thyroid
```
39
Causes of papilloedema?
```
Hypercapnoeic REM
Hypercapnia
Raised ICP due to tumour
Essential intracranial hypertension (esp. Young adult female)
Malingnant hypertension
```
40
Features of parkinson's disease
TRAPPS PD
Tremor: increased bys tress, reduced by sleep
Rigidity: lead-pipe, cog-wheel
Akinesia: slow-initiation, difficutly with reptitive movement, micrographia, monotonous voice, mask-like face
Postural instability: stooped gait with festination
Postural hypotension: other autonomic dysfunction
Sleep disorders: insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness
Psychosis: hallucinations
Depression / Dementia / Drug SE’s
41
Symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome?
```
DANVAH
Dysphagia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Vertigo
Anaesthesia
Horner’s
```
42
Diseases with mixed UMN and LMN lesions
MAST
MND
Ataxia, Friedrich’s
SCDC: B12
Taboparesis
43
Presentation of MS
```
TEAM
Tingling
Eye: optic neuritis (reduced central vision and eye movement pain)
Ataxia
Motor: spastic parapareses
```
44
Radiographic changes RA
LESS
```
LESS
Loss of joint space
Erosions
Soft tissue swelling
Soft bones (Periarticular osteopenia)
```
45
Radiographic changes OA
```
LOSS
Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral cysts
Subchondral sclerosis
```
