Mnemonics Flashcards
Complications of MI
DARTH VADER
Death Arrhythmia Rupture (either of the septum or the outer walls) Tamponade Heart failure
Valve disease (mitral regurg. to papillary muscle rupture) Aneurysm Dressler’s syndrome/ Pericarditis Embolism Re-infarction
Acute Pancreatitis
I GET SMASHED
Idiopathic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps Autoimmune Scorpion sting Hypertriclycerides and hypercalcaemia ERCP Drugs (Azathioprine)
Acute Pancreatitis
I GET SMASHED
Idiopathic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps/ Malignancy Autoimmune Scorpion sting Hypertriclycerides and hypercalcaemia ERCP Drugs (Azathioprine)
Surgical Sieve
VITAMIN CDEF
Vascular Infective Traumatic Autoimmune Metabolic Iatrogenic Neoplasms
Congenital
Degenerative
Endocrine
Functional
Echo finding in HOCM
MR SAM ASH
mitral regurgitation (MR) systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior mitral valve leaflet asymmetric hypertrophy (ASH)
Carcinoid Syndrome
FIVE HT
Flushing
Intestinal (Diarrhoea)
Valve Fibrosis (Tricuspid Regurg & Pulmonary Stenosis)
Expiratory Wheeze: Bronchoconstriction
Hepatic Involvement (1st pass metabolism bypassed)
Tryptophan Deficiency (Pellagra)
Red flags for back pain
TUNA FISH
Trauma/Thoracic back pain Unexplained weight loss (& loss of appetite) Neuro sx/ Night pain Age (<20 >50) Fever (& night sweats) IVDU/Immunocompromised Steroid use Hx of cancer
ABCD2 TIA Assessment
1 point for Age over 60.
1 point for Blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg.
2 points for Clinical features of unilateral weakness. 1 point for speech disturbance without weakness.
2 points for Duration of symptoms >60 minutes. 1 point for duration 10-59 minutes.
1 point for Diabetes mellitus.
High risk patients (ABCD2 score of 4 or more, more than 1 TIA within a week i.e. crescendo TIA, or TIA on anticoagulation): patients should be referred to the TIA clinic within 24 hours.
Low risk patients (ABCD2 score of 3 or less, or the patient presents more than 1 week after symptoms): patients should be referred to the TIA clinic within 1 week.
Secondary stroke prevention
HALTSS
Hypertension: There is no benefit in lowering the blood pressure acutely (as this may impair cerebral perfusion) unless there is malignant hypertension (systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg). Anti-hypertensive therapy should, however, be initiated 2 weeks post-stroke.
Antiplatelet therapy: patients should be administered Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily for long-term antiplatelet therapy. In patients with ischaemic stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation, however, warfarin (target INR 2-3) is initiated 2 weeks post-stroke.
Lipid-lowering therapy: patients should be prescribed high dose atorvastatin 20-80 mg once nightly (irrespective of cholesterol level this lowers the risk of repeat stroke).
Tobacco: offer smoking cessation support.
Sugar: patients should be screened for diabetes and managed appropriately.
Surgery: patients with ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis of 70-90% should be referred for carotid endarterectomy.Note that in haemorrhagic stroke management is largely supportive: patients should not be administered antiplatelet therapy. Rehabilitation and supportive management will include an MDT approach with involvement of physio, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, and neurorehabiliation.
Features of Wernicke’s encephalopathy
CAN OPEN
Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus Ophthamoplegia PEripheral Neuropathy
Causes of Raised Prolactin
6Ps
pregnancy prolactinoma physiological polycystic ovarian syndrome primary hypothyroidism phenothiazines, metoclopramide, domperidone
Drug causes of Fibrosis
BANS MC
Bleomycin Amiodarone Nitrofuratoin Sulfalsazine Methotrexate Cyclophosphamide
Phenytoin side effects
PHENYTOIN
P450 inducer Hirsutisms Enlarged gums Nystagmus (cerebellar signs) Yellow-brown skin Teratogenicity Osteopenia/ malacia Interference with folic acid (Megaloblastic anaemia) Neuropathy (peripheral)
Sodium Valproate side effects
VALPROATE
Vomiting Appetite Increase Liver failure Pancreatitis Rashes Oedema Ataxia Teratogenicity & Tremors Enzyme Inducer
Causes of Upper Lobe Fibrosis
CHARTS
Coal worker's pneumoconcis, Histocytisis, Ank Spond/ Aspergillosis, Radiation Tuberculosis Sarcoidosis
Causes of Lower Lobe Fibrosis
RASIN
Rheumatoid Asbestosis Scleroderma Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis (most common cause overall) Nitrofurantoin
What is the QRISK Score?
Cardiovascular disease risk calculator
if >10% start statin 20mg
ALARMS 55 symptoms (in Dyspepsia)?
Anaemia Loss of weight Anorexia Recent Onset Melena Swallowing difficulty >55
Causes of Cerebellar Injuries?
PASTRIES
P - Posterior fossa tumour A - Alcohol S - Multiple sclerosis T - Trauma R - Rare causes I - Inherited (e.g. Friedreich's ataxia) E - Epilepsy treatments S - Stroke
When to CT someones head
BANG LOC
Break
Amnesia
Neurological involvement
GCS (reduced)
Loss of Consciousness
Cause of Migraine
CHOCOLATE
Chocolate Hangovers Orgasms Cheese Caffeine The oral contraceptive pill Lie-ins Alcohol Travel Exercise
P450 Inducers
CRAP GPSS
Carbamazepine (anti-epileptic)
Rifampicin (antibiotic, particuarly used for TB)
Alcohol - chronic consumption
Phenytoin (anti-epileptic)
Griseolfin (anti-fungal)
Phenobarbitone (old-style anti-epileptic)
Sulphonylureas (anti-diabetic drugs, e.g. gliclazide)
St John’s Wort (herbal remedy used for depression)
P450 Inhibitors
SICK FACES COM G
Sodium Valproate (anti-epileptic, also used for bipolar disorder)
Isoniazid (used for TB)
Cimetidine (an H2 receptor blocker)
Ketoconazole & fluconazole (anti-fungals)
Fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Alcohol - acute consumption & cigarettes
Cardiac failure and liver failure
Erythromycin & clarithromycin (macrolide antibiotics)
Sulphonamides (antibiotics)
Ciprofloxacin (a quinolone antibiotic, which can cause tendonitis and tendon rupture)
Omeprazole (a proton-pump inhibitor)
Metronidazole (antibiotic effective against anaerobes)
Grapefruit Juice
Drugs metabolised P450
COW PAT
Ciclosporin (affects the immune system, used post-transplant and for psoriasis), carbamazepine (anti-epileptic), citalopram (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, first-line treatment for depression)
Oral contraceptive pill (contraceptive - very important!)
Warfarin (anti-coagulant)
Phenytoin (anti-epileptic) and protease inhibitors (a type of HIV drug)
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eg Donepezil, used for Alzheimer’s disease)
Theophylline (used for severe asthma) and tacrolimus (immune modulator, used for eczema and psoriasis, I think)
Statins (used to decrease cholesterol, particularly LDL) and steroids (used for loads of things! Auto-immune and rheumatological conditions, for example)
