mnsr 39

Question 1

the – produce gametes and act as endocrine glands

Answer 1

gonads

Question 2

the sex hormones are all – based —

Answer 2

cholesterol based steroids
( cholesterol is a molecule of 27 carbons )

Question 3

the first step of steroid production removes — producing an intermediate of —- known as —- which is then converted into active — which are divided into – groups based on the number of — in the structure:
the carbon-21 steroid is :
the carbon 19:
the carbon 18:

Answer 3

• terminal 6 carbons
• 21 carbons
• pregnenolone
• active sex steroids
• 3 groups
• number of carbons
• prostergone, cortisol , aldosterone
• androgens
• estrogen’s

Question 4

the hormones produces in the testes are called —-

Answer 4

androgens

Question 5

some 95% of the circulating testasteon is produced by —

Answer 5

leydig cells of the testis

Question 6

at puberty under the influence of —- the intestinal cells begin to secrete – and continue to do so during the reproductive life through reading peak about —

Answer 6

• pitutry LH
• testosterone
• 20 years

Question 7

the functions of testatsron includes:

Answer 7

• mainatance of male ducts and glands as penis and prostate
• stimulates and supports spermatogenesis
• induce and maintain the male secondary sexual characteristics such as: body hair , beard growth , lower voice , aggressive behaviour
• anabolic effects as muscle build up, nitrogen retention and male shape
• during the FETAL LIFE from the 7th week small quantities are produced by the testes which differentiate male ducts and organs

Question 8

— is a hormone that stimulates Sertoli cells and promotes spermatogenesis , secretions of androgens binding proteins and inhibin which is the -ve feedback mechanism of this hormone secretion

Answer 8

FSH

Question 9

— stimulates the leydig cells and induce the secretion of testastron as its released into the blood stream by systemic circulation and directly into the seminferfous tubules ( bound and concentrated by AMP )

Answer 9

LH

Question 10

the hormones produced by the ovaries are in 2 groups —- and — and they are both controlled by —-
( CHECK SLIDE 10)

Answer 10

estrogen ( has 3 main types ) and prosterogen
both are controlled by FSH and LH

Question 11

—- is the most active and most abundant during woman’s reproductive years and produced by granulosa cells developing in the ovarian follicle

Answer 11

estradiol-17

Question 12

—- produced in large amount by the placenta in pregnant woman

Answer 12

estriol

Question 13

— main estrogen and found in post-menopausal women and produced within the peripheral tissue especially adipose tissue

Answer 13

estrone

Question 14

the main functions of estrogen:

Answer 14

• mainatance of female ducts and increase the division of vaginal epithelium and uterine endometrium
• induce and maintain the female secondary characyertsic such as: breast enlargement, deposition of adipose tissue, external genital hair , distribution of hair , skeletal effects as shorter stature and broader pelvis
• physiological effects including mainatance of bone density , anti- inflammatory signalling m liver and cardiac function , cognitive function

Question 15

the most active progestogen hormone is — which is secreted by —- and during pregnancy by —

Answer 15

• progesteron
• cells in the corpus lutem
• placenta

Question 16

the functions of progesterone:

Answer 16

• functions primarily as: pregnancy hormone
  1- prepare the uterine endometrium for implantation specially in the development of coiled glands
  2- stimulates the secretory alveoli in the mammry glands and prepares for milk production ( progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy )
  3- reduces uterine smooth muscle sensitivity to oxytocin ( reduces the uterine contraction )

Question 17

the name of the sexual cycle at the beginning of puberty which is under the control of the endocrine system is —

Answer 17

oestrous which means heat and when females are most receptive to males

Question 18

in most mammals they will mate only in the oestrous and at other times the reproductive system is quiescent , the females will not mate is said to be —–
when mammals show succession of cycles are said to be —- as primates , rodents , domesticated animals
when mamas only breed at certain times of the year are said to be — as: carnivores and wild ungulates

Answer 18

• an anoestrus
• polyestrous
• monstrous
  ( CHECK GRAPH ON SLIDE 13)

Question 19

Humans are not really — because they don’t show marked changes of behvaoirs at oestrous .
Mammals vary in the timing of —-
Most mammals are —– by which they ovulate spontaneously as part of the oestrous cycle
Other mammals are — who only ovulate after the stimulation of copulation as: rabbits kitties and ferret

Answer 19

• polyestrous
• ovulation
• spontaneous ovulators
• induced ovulators

Question 20

– is the loss of blood as a result of endometrium degradation where the ovum is not fertilised and only found in higher primates as humans apes and old world monkey

Answer 20

menstrual cycles ( ceases at pregnancy , starts at puberty and continuous till menopause between ages of 45-50 )
( CHECK GRAPHS ON SLIDE 15,16)

Question 21

at the end of the menstrual cycle most mammals will reabsorb the —- and won’t experience —-.
Humans lose about — of blood on an average of – days
The menstrual cycle commences from day – of the menstruation and the average cycle lasts — days
The regular mestrual cycle of women are series of —

Answer 21

• endometrial lining
• loss of blood
• 50-100 ml
• 5 days
• from day one and lasts 28 days
• oestrous cycles

Question 22

——- is a stage in the menstrual cycle by which the follicles will develop and is controlled primary by — and it ends at —-

Answer 22

• follicular phase
• estrogen of LH , FSH
• ovulation

Question 23

— begins following ovulation where the — will develop from an ovarian follicle and begins to secrete —-
this stage ends by the —- which trigger — and the beginning of the next cycle

Answer 23

• luteal phase
• corpus lutem
• progesterone
• falling levels of progesterone
• mesuutartion
  ( CHECK GRAPH 17 )

Question 24

follicular phase:
1- prior to menstruation, high levels of —- from the corpus lutem suppress the production of —
2- degradation of the —- causes a sharp decrease in the —— which triggers — and removes —–
3- under the influence of —- the – will be secreted between 6-12 primary follicle in the ovary to start enlarging into —-
4- —– induce secondary follicles to start the secretion of —-
5- — will trigger the regrowth of the endometrial lining
6- estrigen inhibits —- causing —- to drop down
7- reduced —- causes most of the follicles to die leaving behind one or two occasionally —-

Answer 24

• estrogen and progestrerne will supress LH + FSH
• corpus lutem , progesnterone and estradiol17, trigger mestruation and removes -ve feedback on the production of FSH + LH
• gonandtrophin releasing hormone ( GnRH) , FSH , secondary follicle
• LH + FSH , estradiol-17
• estrogen
• GnRH causing FSH + LH levels to drop back down
• LH + FSH , dominat follcile

Question 25

ovulation: 1- blood --- levels peak one to two days before --- 2- once the levels of --- reach threshold , their previous inhibitory on GnRH will be ---- 3- --- stimulates large amount of --- producing --- and smaller amount of --- 4- This surge of gonandtropins causes the ---- to ovulate within --- around or on -- day of the cycle

Answer 25

- estradiol-17 , ovulation - estrogen , temporary reversed - estrogen , LH , LH surge , FSH - graffian follciule , 18 hours , 14th day

Question 26

luteal phase: 1- the peak of --- cause lutenizarion of the membrane granulosa cells of the follicle becoming --- 2- this body grows for 7 to 8 days after ovulation producing large amount of ----- and --- which inhibits the hypothalamus and pitutry to produce ----- 3- -- levels of ---- during luteal phase of the cycle causes the ednomaterium to proliferate further

Answer 26

- LH , corpus lutem - progesterone and estradiol-17 , inhibits production of LH and FSH - high, progesterone

Question 27

in the absence of fertilisation the ---- starts to age , regress , and degrentrates by the day --- of the cycle this leads to sharp --- of ------ causes constriction in the spiral arteries in the endometrium which starts to break down the --- level of --- and --- will remove the -ve inhibition of hypothalamus and pitutry and ---- will start to rise again and triggers the next ccycle

Answer 27

- corpus lutem , 26th - drop of progesterone and estradiol-17 - decreasing level of progesterone and estrogen , FSH + LH

Question 28

pregnancy: 1- should fertilisation take place in --- will implant on the endometrial wall some 6 to 7 days after ovulation 2- the first task is to maintain the --- until the --- takes over about -- week of the pregnancy 3- the blastocysts will secrete ---- which maintain the corpus lutem aka progestren and estrogen levels 4- this hormone peaks at --- and then they begin to fall low for the rest of the pregnancy 5- the --- produces considerable amount of ----- which climb steadily thoughout the pregnancy reaching levels ---- those in --- phase 6- another hormone secreted by the placenta is ------ which has ---- and --- properties

Answer 28

- blastocysts - corpus lutem , placenta , 6th week - Human chorionic gonandtrophin HCG - 60 days - placenta , oestrogen and progesterone , 10x and 200x , luteal phase - Human Placental lactogen HPL ,growth hormone and prolactin

Question 29

the pregnancy evtenually culminates in the process of --- by which the foetus and the placenta are expelled from the uterus by contractions of the myeometruim at 280 days aka 9th month

Answer 29

parturition aka labour

Question 30

the role of placenta and foetal hormones are unlike by the might be liked with ----

Answer 30

- drop of progetroen and rise of estrogen levels from 36th week tio initiate the process - oxytocin and prostaglandin play a role too