MNT

Question 1

Ulcer treatment

Answer 1

treat with antacids, antibiotics. normally caused by H.pylori

Question 2

Ulcer Diet

Answer 2

As tolerated. Well balanced. avoid late night snacks, omit gastric irritants

Question 3

What is a hiatal hernia

Answer 3

Protrusion of a portion of the stomach above the diaphragm into the chest

Question 4

Hiatal Hernia diet

Answer 4

small, bland feedings, avoid late night snacks, caffeine, chili powder, black pepper

Question 5

Reactive or alimentary hypoglycemia

Answer 5

blood sugar rises, stimulating an overproduction of insulin causing a drop in blood sugar below fasting

Question 6

Gastroparesis

Answer 6

small frequent meals, pureed foods, avoid high fiber, avoid high fat. liquid fat may be better tolerated. avoid caffeine, mint, alcohol and carbonation

Question 7

What is a Tropical Sprue

Answer 7

bacterial, viral, parasitic infection

Question 8

Symptoms of a tropical sprue

Answer 8

diarrhea, malnutrition, deficiencies of b12, and folate due to decreased HCL and instrinsic factor

Question 9

How to treat a tropical sprue

Answer 9

antibiotics, high calorie, high protein, IM b12, oral folate supplements

Question 10

Gastritis diet

Answer 10

inflammation of the stomach
clear liquids and advance as tolerated. avoid gastric irritants

Question 11

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 11

inflammation in the colon/large intestine
ulcers penetrated the inner lining of the abdomen only bleeding common during bowel movements.
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. antidiarrheal agents may be needed. elemental diet may be needed.
energy needs according to BMI. protein at each meal. MV. high fiber to stimulate peristalsis when flare up is under control

Question 12

Crohns disease

Answer 12

anywhere in the GI tract. patches of inflammation. typically in the lower right abdomen. Ulcers penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal lining. bowel rest and parenteral nutrition. Energy needs according to BMI. limit fat only if steatorrhea. protein at each meal. MV

Question 13

Short bowel syndrome

Answer 13

consequence with significant resections of the small intestine. Malabsorption, malnutrition, fluid and electrolyte imbalances and weight loss can occur.

Question 14

Jejunal resection

Answer 14

ileum can adapt and take over jejunal functions

Question 15

Ileal resection

Answer 15

major complications with absorption

Question 16

short bowel syndrome treatment

Answer 16

drink at least 1 liter more than their ostomy output daily. when ileum cant recycle bile salts, lipids are not emulsified, which leads to malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins. increased fluid and electrolyte secretion

Question 17

Acute viral hepatitis

Answer 17

inflammation, necrosis, jaundice, anorexia, nausea, fatigue. jaundice occurs when bile ducts are blocked.

Question 18

acute viral hepatitis treatment

Answer 18

increase fluids to prevent dehydration.
50-55% CHO to replenish liver glycogen and spare protein.
small frequent feedings

Question 19

Cirrhosis

Answer 19

scarring of liver. blood flow is disrupted. protein deficiencies lead to ascites, fatty liver. impaired blood clotting.
hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis to cirrhosis

Question 20

Cirrhosis diet

Answer 20

adequate to high protein .8-1.2g/kg
high calorie 25-35
moderate to low fat
low fiber if varicies are present low sodium if edema is present.
with hyponatremia=fluid restriction

Question 21

alcoholic liver disease

Answer 21

liver injury due to alcohol and metabolic derangements.

Question 22

alcoholic liver disease diet

Answer 22

supplement thamin and folic acid. increased need for b vitamins to metabolize alochol
increased need for magnesisum

Question 23

Hepatic failure (ESLD)

Answer 23

liver function decreased to 25% or less.
liver cant convert ammonia into urea so it accumulates.

Question 24

Hepatic failure (ESLD) treatment

Answer 24

moderate to high levels of protein. 30-35 calories
30-35 calories as fat with MCT if needed
low sodium if ascites
adding BCAA adds calories and proteins.

Question 25

NAFLD

Answer 25

steatosis, more common with BMI >35. type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome. excess fat buildup in liver.

Question 26

NAFLD treatment

Answer 26

managed with lifestyle changes, weight loss. Med diet, moderate alcohol, avoid sugar sweetened beverages. coffee may help.

Question 27

Vasopressin

Answer 27

ADH from hypothalamus stored in pituitary exerts pressor effect and elevates blood pressure. increases water reabsorption from distal collecting tubules.

Question 28

Renin

Answer 28

vasocontrictor secreted by glomerulus when blood volume decreases. stimulates aldosterone to increase sodium absorption and return blood pressure to normal

Question 29

Erythropoietin- EPO

Answer 29

produced by kidney, stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC

Question 30

low oxalate food

Answer 30

dark green leafy veg, chocolate, strawberries, nuts, beets, tea

Question 31

to prevent acidic stones

Answer 31

create an alkaline ash by adding vegetables, fruits, brown sugar

Question 32

to prevent alkaline stones

Answer 32

create an acid ash by adding meat, fish, eggs, shellfish, cheese, corn, oats, rye

Question 33

AKI

Answer 33

sudden shut down with previously adequate capacity. decreased GFR. due to burns, accidents, obstruction, severe dehydration. symptoms include oliguira, azotemia.

Question 34

AKI diet

Answer 34

1-1.3g/kg protein if non catabolic without dialysis as GFR returns to normal 1.2-1.5g/kg if catabolic or with dialysis 25-40 cals/kg low sodium 2-3g replaced loses in diuretic phase 8-15 mg phos 2-3g potassium

Question 35

Nephrosis

Answer 35

nephrotic syndrome albuminuria, edema, malnutrition, hyperlipidemia excess protein will be catabolized to urea and excreted .

Question 36

nephrosis diet

Answer 36

.8-1g/kg protein <30% fat, low saturated fat, 200 mg cholesterol 35 calories/kg/day modest sodium restriction may need fluid restriction with edema

Question 37

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 37

body does not make enough insulin. diagnosed at a young age. increased thirst weight loss, fruity breath, blurred vision there is no way to prevent insulin injections, blood sugar checks, healthy eating

Question 38

type 2 diabetes

Answer 38

the body cant use insulin properly. diagnosed later in life increased thirst weight loss fatigue blurred vision frequent infections most cases can be prevented healthy eating and meal planning, increased physical activity

Question 39

normal blood glucose

Answer 39

70-100

Question 40

impaired fasting glucose

Answer 40

100-125

Question 41

impaired glucose tolerance

Answer 41

2hPH 140-199

Question 42

diabetes-fasting plasma glucose

Answer 42

>126

Question 43

diabetes-glucose tolerance test

Answer 43

>200

Question 44

symptoms of diabetes: plasma glucose

Answer 44

>200

Question 45

hgA1C

Answer 45

<6.5%

Question 46

homocystinuria

Answer 46

treatable inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism. associated with low levels of folate, b6,b12 increase dosage of folate, pyridoxine and b12 if that doesnt work, low protein, low methionine diet

Question 47

osteoclasts

Answer 47

resorb and remove bone

Question 48

osteoblasts

Answer 48

reform bone

Question 49

osteoporosis

Answer 49

hormone replacement therapy, weight bearing exercise. Vitamin D and calcium supplements. Adequate protein, moderate to low sodium. 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables.

Question 50

Allergies

Answer 50

ag-ab reaction occurs when antigen enters the body, antibodies react. immunoglobulin E mediated reaction to normally harmless food protein. food intolerance (non-igE) abnormal physiological response, GI, cutaneous, respiratory symptoms but no antibody production.

Question 51

critical care and hypermetabolic states

Answer 51

goal is to improve outcomes regarding infection rates, days in critical care units, days on ventilator. minimize catabolic loss of body protein. initiate nutrition support within 24-48 hours. avoid overfeeding

Question 52

Neoplastic disease

Answer 52

protein calorie malnutrition, malabsorption, fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Question 53

Thrush

Answer 53

avoid spicy foods, acidic foods, strongly flavored foods, provide bland liquids, soft foods or chilled or frozen foods

Question 54

IDDSI level 7

Answer 54

black regular diet

Question 55

IDDSI level 6

Answer 55

blue soft and bite sized

Question 56

IDDSI level 5

Answer 56

orange minced and mosit

Question 57

IDDSI level 4

Answer 57

green purred extremely thick

Question 58

IDDSI level 3

Answer 58

yellow liquid moderately thick

Question 59

IDDSI level 2

Answer 59

Pink midly thick liquid

Question 60

IDDSI level 1

Answer 60

grey slightly thick

Question 61

IDDSI level 0

Answer 61

white thin