MNT Exam Vocab

Question 1

Creatinine

Answer 1

is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced and excreted at a fairly constant rate by the body.

Kidney maintain the blood creatinine in a normal range.
Elevated levels signifies impaired kidney function.

Question 2

Osmolarity

Answer 2

Osmotic concentration

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter (solvent).

The higher the osmolarity, the more solute in the solvent. Think thicker solution.

Question 3

Osmolality

Answer 3

A measure of the number of dissolved particles per unit of water in serum.

A LOW serum osmolality means a higher than usual amount of water in relation to the amount of particles dissolved in it.

Think, the lower the number, the LESS particles in the water. More water, over hydrated.

Low–> over hydration and edema
High–> deficient fluid volume of cells

Question 4

Syncope

Answer 4

temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure

Question 5

Malignant

Answer 5

very virulent or infectious.

Question 6

Stomatitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

Question 7

Opportunistic Infection (OIs)

Answer 7

Infections that occur MORE FREQUENTLY and are MORE SEVERE in individuals with weakened immune systems, including people with HIV.

Usually doesn’t affect patients with healthy immune systems.

Think, a weak immune system presents an “opportunity” for the pathogen to infect.

Question 8

Dyspnea

Answer 8

shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

Question 9

Pleural effusion

Answer 9

a buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest

Question 10

TIA

Answer 10

—(Transient Ischemic Attack)

A brief stroke-like attack that, despite resolving within minutes to hours, still requires immediate medical attention to distinguish from an actual stroke.

Question 11

Diuresis

Answer 11

the production of excessive amounts of urine

Question 12

CABG

Answer 12

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG)

Is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease or CHD.
Helps to improve blood flow to the heart.

Question 13

Cancer promoters

Answer 13

promotes the proliferation of cancer (cell growth) throughout the body.

Promoters take advantage of genetic mutations and cause cells to grow rapidly.

Question 14

Metastatic

Answer 14

having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from the primary site (place where it started) to other places in the body

Question 15

Neoplasm

Answer 15

literally means “new growth”;

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue

Question 16

Emesis

Answer 16

the action or process of vomiting

Question 17

Cachexia

Answer 17

weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility (physical weakness) that can occur during a chronic disease

Question 18

Mucositis

Answer 18

inflammation of a mucous membrane

Question 19

Carcinoma

Answer 19

A type of cancer that develops in the tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

You can actually see the tumor bump.

Question 20

Benign

Answer 20

not harmful in effect; in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant

Question 21

Candidiasis

Answer 21

a fungal infection typically on the skin or mucous membranes caused by candida

Question 22

Leukopenia

Answer 22

a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases

Question 23

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 23

a deficiency of platelets in the blood.

This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury

Question 24

Achlohydria

Answer 24

refers to states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive organs is absent or low

Question 25

Azotorrhea

Answer 25

is the excessive discharge of nitrogenous substances in the feces or urine

Question 26

Blind loop (syndrome)

Answer 26

occurs when part of the small intestine forms a loop that food bypasses during digestion. The presence of this “blind loop” means food may not move normally through the digestive tract

Question 27

Bilroth II

Answer 27

is an operation in which the greater curvature of the stomach is connected to the first part of the jejunum in a side-to-side manner

Question 28

Dyspepsia

Answer 28

vague upper abdominal symptoms that may include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching

Question 29

Flatulence

Answer 29

perceived excess gas in the intestinal tract

Question 30

Meconium-ileus

Answer 30

is a bowel obstruction that occurs when the meconium in a person’s intestine is even thicker and stickier than normal meconium, creating a blockage in the ileum.

Question 31

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 31

is a thin, circular band of visceral muscle surrounding the pyloric opening at the inferior end of the stomach

Question 32

Stasis

Answer 32

a period or state of inactivity or equilibrium

Question 33

Steatorrhea

Answer 33

the excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces owing to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine

Question 34

Stenosis

Answer 34

the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body

Question 35

Vagotomy

Answer 35

a surgical operation in which one or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut typically to reduce the rate of gastric secretion

Question 36

Ascites

Answer 36

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling

Question 37

Colonscopy

Answer 37

a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon)

Question 38

Sigmoidoscopy

Answer 38

is a procedure used to see inside the sigmoid colon and rectum. The sigmoid colon is the area of the large intestine nearest the rectum

Question 39

Endoscopy

Answer 39

is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person’s digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, your doctor can view pictures of your digestive tract on a color TV monitor

Question 40

Hemamesis

Answer 40

the vomiting of blood

Question 41

Gastrostomy

Answer 41

is the creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression Think PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy)--a tube placed in the abdomen straight into the stomach for NS.

Question 42

Alopecia

Answer 42

sudden hair loss that starts with one or more circular bald patches that may overlap

Question 43

Osmotic diarrhea

Answer 43

a form of diarrhea associated with water retention in the bowel resulting from an accumulation of nonabsorbable water-soluble substances

Question 44

Portacaval shunt

Answer 44

is a treatment for high blood pressure in the liver. A connection is made between the portal vein, the vein that supplies 75% of blood to the liver, and the inferior vena cava, the vein that drains blood from the lower 2/3s of the body.

Question 45

Cholelithiasis

Answer 45

AKA: gallstones A hardened deposit within the fluid in the gallbladder, a small organ under the liver. It is a concentration of bile components.

Question 46

Non-heme iron

Answer 46

60 percent of the iron in animal tissue and all the iron in plants is less well absorbed; not as bioavailable than heme iron Found in plants and fortified foods.

Question 47

Glycogenesis

Answer 47

is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage

Question 48

Anabolism

Answer 48

is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units

Question 49

Catabolism

Answer 49

is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions

Question 50

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 50

a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids

Question 51

Glycogenolysis

Answer 51

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose

Question 52

Glycolysis

Answer 52

is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate