MNT for Renal Diseases

Question 1

Organs responsible for filtering waste from the blood, and regulating fluid balance.

Answer 1

Kidneys

Question 2

The functional unit of the kidney

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

A network of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the kidneys that filters blood

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 4

A cup-shaped sac that surrounds the glomerulus in the kidney

Answer 4

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 5

Tiny tubes in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood, and return nutrients and fluids back to the blood

Answer 5

Renal Tubules

Question 6

The primary waste product of protein metabolism

Answer 6

Urea

Question 7

A pigmented blood product that gives urine its yellowish color

Answer 7

Urochrome

Question 8

How many liters of urine can the bladder hold before the urge to urinate occurs?

Answer 8

~0.5 L (500 - 700 mL)

Question 9

The outer layer of the kidney that covers the renal medulla

Answer 9

Renal Cortex

Question 10

The inner part of the kidney that contains renal pyramids; it helps regulate the concentration of urine by filtering out water, salts, and acids

Answer 10

Renal Medulla

Question 11

Cone-shaped tissues within the renal medulla that contain tubules that transport urine from the cortex to the calyces

Answer 11

Renal Pyramids

Question 12

Cup-shaped structures within the kidney through which urine passess

Answer 12

Renal Calyces (sg. Calyx)

Question 13

A liquid waste product excreted by the kidneys

Answer 13

Urine

Question 14

A waste product primarily composed of water (96%), nitrogenous waste, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins, and hormones

Answer 14

Urine

Question 15

What is the rate at which the kidneys filter and reabsorb fluids?

Answer 15

125 mL/min or 180 L/day

Question 16

A group of non-infective kidney diseases

Answer 16

Nephritis

Question 17

Three broad types of nephritis

Answer 17

Acute Glomerulonephritis, Chronic Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 18

Inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to impaired filtration

Answer 18

Glomerulonephritis

Question 19

Inflammation of the kidney’s interstitial tissue (between tubules)

Answer 19

Interstitial Nephritis

Question 20

Bacterial infection of the kidneys, often from untreated UTIs

Answer 20

Pyelonephritis

Question 21

Bacterial infection of any part of the urinary system, but most infections involve the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra)

Answer 21

Urinary Tract Infection

Question 22

A diet that promotes the consumption of foods that produce an acidic residue (ash) after metabolism, thus lowering urine pH

Answer 22

Acidic Ash Diet

Question 23

What food has been used in preventing and treating UTIs and calculi?

Answer 23

Cranberry Juice

Question 24

The sudden inflammation of the glomeruli; occurs frequently in children

Answer 24

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Question 25

A condition wherein there is blood in the urine

Answer 25

Hematuria

Question 26

A condition in wherein there is too much albumin in the urine

Answer 26

Albuminuria

Question 27

Results in cloudy urine

Answer 27

Hematuria and Albuminuria

Question 28

It is characterized by edema, hypertension, anemia, oliguria, and sometimes nausea, and vomiting

Answer 28

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Question 29

A condition that may follow acute glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome; affects mostly the middle and old-age groups

Answer 29

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Question 30

The buildup of waste products in the blood

Answer 30

Uremia

Question 31

A set of conditions characterized by a massive loss of plasma protein in the urine and edema

Answer 31

Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis

Question 32

Kilocalorie-to-nitrogen ratio to prevent nitrogen wasting in nephrosis

Answer 32

150:1

Question 33

Two groups of renal disorders

Answer 33

Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Renal Failure

Question 34

A disorder involving a sudden decline in kidney function; temporary

Answer 34

Acute Renal Failure

Question 35

Phases of Acute Renal Failure

Answer 35

Anuric, Oliguric, Polyuric, and Convalescent

Question 36

A phase of ARF wherein the patient gradually improves, although some loss of kidney function may be permanent

Answer 36

Convalescent Phase

Question 37

A phase of ARF wherein urine output is less than 100 mL/day

Answer 37

Anuric Phase

Question 38

A phase of ARF wherein the patient excretes 100 - 400 mL daily

Answer 38

Oliguric Phase

Question 39

A phase of ARF wherein urine output gradually increases to up to several liters per day (400 - 4000 mL)

Answer 39

Polyuric Phase

Question 40

The most common cause of death in patients with ARF

Answer 40

Bacterial Infection

Question 41

Resins that exchange sodium for potassium in the gut; relieves potassium intoxication in ARF

Answer 41

Ion Exchange Resins

Question 42

A disease characterized by the gradual, irreversible decline in kidney function over months to years

Answer 42

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 43

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood, removing waste and excess fluids

Answer 43

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 44

A GFR that indicates renal failure

Answer 44

< 15

Question 45

A GFR that indicates normal renal function

Answer 45

≥ 90

Question 46

A complex of symptoms caused by uremia

Answer 46

Uremic Syndrome

Question 47

The daily protein allowance for patients with Stage V CKD on hemodialysis

Answer 47

1.2 g/kgBW

Question 48

The daily protein allowance for patients with Stage V CKD on peritoneal dialysis

Answer 48

1.3 g/kgBW

Question 49

A list of foods containing similar levels of protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and fluids

Answer 49

Renal Exchange List

Question 50

A set of medical treatments used to perform the functions of the kidneys when they can no longer adequately filter waste, maintain electrolyte balance, or regulate fluid in the body

Answer 50

Renal Replacement Therapy

Question 51

A procedure (RRT) that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood

Answer 51

Dialysis

Question 52

Dialysis must be employed when kidney function fails, or when creatinine clearance falls below ___ mL/minute.

Answer 52

5

Question 53

A component of the dialysis machine where the blood is filtered; "artificial kidney"

Answer 53

Dialyzer

Question 54

A special fluid that helps facilitate the removal of waste products and excess fluids

Answer 54

Dialysate

Question 55

A type of dialysis that involves filtering the blood outside the body using a machine and dialyzer

Answer 55

Hemodialysis

Question 56

A type of dialysis that uses the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) as a natural filter

Answer 56

Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 57

The most common form of dialysis

Answer 57

Hemodialysis

Question 58

The recommended daily protein allowance for patients undergoing hemodialysis thrice weekly

Answer 58

1.1 - 1.4 g/kgBW

Question 59

Which type of dialysis results in greater protein losses?

Answer 59

Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 60

The recommended daily protein allowance for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis

Answer 60

1.2 - 1.5 g/kgBW

Question 61

A type of parenteral nutrition in which TPN formula is infused while the patient is undergoing hemodialysis

Answer 61

Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN)

Question 62

Dialyzed patients require supplementation of which specific nutrients?

Answer 62

Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Pyridoxine, Vitamin D, Iron

Question 63

A surgical procedure in which a healthy kidney from a donor is transplanted into a person with ESRD or CKD

Answer 63

Renal or Kidney Transplantation

Question 64

The condition in which stones (calculi) form in the urinary tract

Answer 64

Urolithiasis

Question 65

The most common type of kidney stone; formed when calcium combines with oxalate

Answer 65

Calcium Oxalate Stones

Question 66

An organic acid found in plants such as beets, spinach, nuts, strawberries, tea, and wheat bran

Answer 66

Oxalate

Question 67

Megadoses of which vitamin contributes to oxalate

Answer 67

Vitamin C

Question 68

A type of kidney stone formed there is too much uric acid in the urine

Answer 68

Uric Acid Stones

Question 69

A rare form of kidney stones formed when there are high levels of cystine in the urine

Answer 69

Cystine Stones

Question 70

A type of kidney stone formed from magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate; usually seen in women

Answer 70

Struvite Stones

Question 71

The recommended daily protein allowance for patients with Stage I to II CKD

Answer 71

0.8 g/kgBW or 12-15% of total kcal

Question 72

The stage of CKD wherein there is a 50% reduction in kidney function

Answer 72

Stage III

Question 73

How many mL of urine is required to remove solute waste materials?

Answer 73

600 mL

Question 74

Renal vitamins should be given [before / after] dialysis

Answer 74

After

Question 75

SOAP stands for ___

Answer 75

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan

Question 76

A type of peritoneal dialysis that does not require the use of a machine

Answer 76

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

Question 77

A type of peritoneal dialysis that uses a machine to perform exchanges

Answer 77

Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 78

The machine used in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

Answer 78

Cycler

Question 79

What diet is prescribed for patients who have undergone kidney transplants?

Answer 79

Neutropenic Diet

Question 80

A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood

Answer 80

Hypokalemia

Question 81

A condition where sodium levels in the blood are abnormally low

Answer 81

Hyponatremia

Question 82

An abnormal buildup of nitrogenous waste products (such as urea and creatinine) in the blood, usually due to kidney dysfunction

Answer 82

Azotemia

Question 83

A lab test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood from urea

Answer 83

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Question 84

Arrange in proper order: I. Filtered blood returns to the body via renal vein II. Blood from body with waste products enters kidney via renal artery III. Blood filtered, waste, and excess fluid are removed IV. Waste and excess fluid are sent to the bladder via ureter

Answer 84

II, III, I, IV

Question 85

Acidic products of protein metabolism

Answer 85

Phosphate and Sulfate

Question 86

In polyuria, urine volume reaches ___ liters per day

Answer 86

3 - 7