mock Flashcards
(14 cards)
explain deviance
deviance is any behaviour that differs from society’s standards and expectations, this can be behaviour that is unusual and applauded (risking own life so save someones) unusual and eccentric (talking to a tree) unusual and dissaproved (physicaally attacking someone for no reason)
leads to negative informal sanctions such as social exclusion and judgment or positive informal sanctions such as praise from public
values,norms,moral code,social control
values-general principles/guides on how we should live our lives, a foundation on morality (western society see dogs as high value=to human lives)
norms-specific rules which values create, social standards that govern people’s behaviour in situations (dogs need to be treated with care)
moral code-often used to descrive a set of basic rules,values,and principles that are held by individuals,group, or society as a whole (police code of ethics is a written guide to the core principles and standards that officers are expected to uphold in work)
social control- all sanctions are forms of social control, a way which society seeks to control out behaviour, and ensure we conform to its norms and behave as others expect us to
legal definiton of crime
a court considers to be a crime,must have 2 elements:
actus reus (guilty act)- committing act law forbids
mens rea (guilty mind)- committing above act with deliberate intention to hurt someone or cause harm
-can still be prosecuted without mens rea, act on its own is enought for conviction, strict liability offence, offence has been commited out of negligence (speeding)
-self defence is not a crime, as long we force is reasonable
social definiton of crime
differing social views, law enforcement, and law making
summary offences are crimes that are less servere then idictible crime; can only be heard in manistrates court, charges laid by police office (punishments less severe, fine community service)
indictable offence is serious criminal offence heard in crown court in uk, and charges are laid by public prosecutor (more serious,imprisonment or large fine)
change due to culture
polygamy, practice of having more than one husband/wife at same time. UK= illegal up to 7 years+ fine (commiting act of bigomy), okay in Middle east,asian, and american cultures, polygyny (man=multiple wifes) seen as status symbol, so tradition+religion
Adultery-having sex between married person+ not their spouse,Uk= illegal but informal sanctions, India= illegal until 2018 to convert traditional views, illegal= muslim majority countries+ 7 christian majority african countries, punishment= stoning,caning,fine, so releigion,position of women
homosexuality= legal in uk but less informal sanctions, legal in indonesia most muslim density country, 72 countries= illegal 45 countries= lesbian illegal, russia= promoting illegal, releigion,public opinion,sexism
chnage due to time
1885 homosexually illegal, until 1967 sexual offences act,2000 lowes age of consent, wolfhein report by 1954 1000 imprisoned per year for homosexuality
childhood is a social construct
I.R work below 6, 1888 education compulsory, age of consent= 16, 18=drink,
Phillip aries,child centred society, youth courts
Legally held, 1996 dublane shooting, thomas hamilton unemployed scout leader, 16 children+ 1 teacher+ suicide, snowdrop campaign,750000 signatures, 1997= restricted
changes due to circumstances
age of criminal responsibility- england= 10 years (no mens rea) youth courts instead of regular court
London 2011 riots, Mark dougan wrongfully killed, peacful protest turn into violent protests, daily mail label him as gangester “moral panic”- keir starmet head of police= tougher stance, 2 years of cctv
diminished responsibility- lack of rational judgement
loss of control-defence/fear
automotism- lack of voluntary movement
Lombrosso 1876- Italian prison 4000 prisoners+ 300 officers
Adv- pioneered criminology as a scientifc discipline
-butcher and taylor 2007 saw less attractive= higher rate of criminality
-later include external factors (tatoos)
HOWEVER
-lack of control groups, if he did, may have been invalid
-scientifc racism Delisi 2012
-researcher since then has failed to link facial features and criminality
Sheldon 1949- endomorph,ectomorph,metomorph, 4000 scantily clothed men, 1-7 and fround 4.6 to 3.8
Glueck and Gluceck 1956 , delinquents= 60 percent of mesomorphs, non delinquents= 30 percent of mesomorphs
Control groups and large sample
most serious delinquents= more mesomorph
HOWEVER
Glueck and glueck 1956 showed combining bio,psyche, and environemnt
criminals may develop mesomorphic build as a result of needijg to be physically tough to succeed so criminally causes somatatypes
also somatotpes not fixed
Jacob et al 1965- chromosomal abornmality, chromosomes found in nuclei which contain our genes
Alder et al- indicated agressibe and violent behaviour atleast partially developed by genetic factors
Price and whatmoore 1967 found links between syndrome and property crime
XXY males may be prejudiced, tall and well build, labeled to be criminal
also have lower intelligence
syndorme only affects 1 in 1000 less aplicable
natural experiment, biolgical relationship between twins is naturally occuring varible Mz and dz
Kritsoon 1997 3586 twins in denmark interviwed
52 concordene rate of criminality in mz
22 concordane rate of criminality in dz
prevent vulnerable disorders
Mz twins= genetitcqlly identical,logical to study
christansen 1997= support
-less represntative
-impossible to isolate effects of genes sepeatly. from environmental effects
Adoption stuffies-same genes dif environments
criminal behaviour more similar= genetic explanation
Mednick et al- 14000 adopted sons in denmark 1924-1947
concordence rate of biological parent + adopted sons criminal 20 percent
small proportion 14.7 pervent if adoption parent and son
Face validity-
overcomes proplem with twin stufies, twins=same household
However
Adopted children often placed in same social class and ethnicity
Age of adoption= influence of biolgical and foster care, lacks insight, hard to get hold of biological parents restricting understanding
brain injuries- dieseases linked to criminal and anti social behaviour,senile dementia,brain tumours
charles whitmman 7 murder had tumour growing on amygdala
11 percent reduced activity of ore frontal cortex in murders = less emotional regulation
Phineas gage-
abnormal eeg findings- psychopathic criminals
-prisoners more likely rochave brain injurry
HOWEVER
crimes caused by brain injury rare- more about personality
normal people have abnormal eeg scans
prisons have higher brain injuries due to being in jail
Biochemical explanations
substance abuse- 80 pervent of family violence crimes
blood sugar levels-hypoglycaemia linked to agressuon, alcholo lowers blood sugar levels
sec hormon- more test means more agression
infanticde due to hromone change due to menustaration cycle
Evidence-test levles and male offenders peak at same time
biochemical procces recognised bu court- infanticde,post nasal deporession, partial defence, premenstrual tension acceped as a defence for stealing
However
biochemical processes- predsipose environmental factors activate
-Scaracmella and Brwon 1978 test levels do not greatly affect levels in men
-infantice may be due to isolation and responsibilty
