Mock Exam Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is not a retrospective method of dietary assessment?
A
Food diary/record
2
Q
What happens during a positive energy balance?
A
The person gains weight
3
Q
What is the waist to hip ratio when waist= 32, hips=50
A
0.64
4
Q
What defines an “optimal nutritional state”?
A
Nutritional needs met without exceeding caloric needs.
5
Q
BMI category for ‘overweight’?
A
25.0–29.9
6
Q
Which is NOT a monosaccharide: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, or Galactose?
A
Maltose
7
Q
Which group contains only essential amino acids?
A
Methionine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine
8
Q
How many kcal does 1g of fat provide?
A
9kcal
9
Q
What is a triglyceride composed of?
A
Three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
10
Q
Protein should contribute no more than ___ of daily energy intake (UK DRV)?
A
15%
11
Q
Health benefits of fibre intake include?
A
Improves gut motility, prevents constipation, lowers cholesterol, reduces risk of type 2 diabetes
12
Q
UK recommended daily fibre intake?
A
30g/day for adults (current average is 12g)
13
Q
Three key functions of Vitamin C?
A
Antioxidant, collagen synthesis, enhances iron absorption
14
Q
Vitamin C DRV (19-50 years)?
A
40mg/day
15
Q
Condition caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
A
Scurvy
16
Q
Which is NOT a reason for different drug dosage forms?
A
To make drugs completely insoluble
17
Q
Which is a semi-solid dosage form?
A
Gel
18
Q
What is true about Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
A
Provides complete nutrition intravenously
19
Q
Which route bypasses first-pass metabolism?
A
Intravenous
20
Q
Role of excipients in drug formulation?
A
Improve stability, solubility, and drug release
21
Q
Which factor does NOT affect bioavailability?
A
Colour of drug
22
Q
Main purpose of enteric-coated tablets?
A
Prevent degradation in the stomach
23
Q
How to increase solubility of weakly water-soluble drugs?
A
Convert to salt form
24
Q
Why nanoemulsify clove oil?
A
Enhance solubility and bioavailability
25
Common method to prepare clove oil nanoemulsions?
High-pressure homogenisation
26
Four methods to enhance drug solubility?
Particle size reduction, salt formation, use of cosolvents, complexation
27
At low substrate concentrations, enzyme rate is:
Proportional to substrate conc
28
Competitive inhibitors
Increase Km without affecting Vmax
29
Which does not occur in mitochondria?
Glycogen breakdown
30
Muscle glucose uptake increases with insulin due to?
Increased GLUT4 expression
31
Glucose transporter in muscle
GLUT4
32
What’s true about nutrient absorption from a balanced meal?
Fatty acids go through lymph, proteins mostly to liver
33
What does Km represent in enzyme kinetics?
Substrate conc where enzyme achieves 1/2 Vmax
34
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is:
Catalysed by a specific enzyme
35
36
What is the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) of iron for a woman aged 19–50?
14.8 mg
37
What % of total daily energy intake should come from total fat, according to DRVs?
Less than 35%
38
Which nutrient contributes 9kcal per gram?
Fat
39
Which nutrient contributes 4kcal per gram?
Carbs and protein
40
What is the RNI for calcium in males and females aged 19–50?
700mg/day
41
Which nutrient helps prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy?
Folate
42
What BMI range is classified normal weight?
18.5-24.9
43
What is the maximum recommend intake of salt per day for adults?
6g
44
What is the function of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs)
Adds bulk to stool and supports bowel movement
45
What is the recommended daily intake of fibre for individuals aged 17 over
30g
46
Estimated Average Requirement
Average nutrient need for half the population
47
RNI (reference nutrient intake)
Meets the needs of 97.5% of the population
48
LRNI (lower reference nutrient intake)
Meets the needs of 2.5%, below which intake is likely inadequate
49
How to calculate BMI?
Weight (kg) / height squared (m squared)
50
What are two limitations of BMI
Does not distinguish between fat and muscle
Does not account for fat distribution
51
Which of the following is a complete protein source?
Eggs
52
How much energy (in kcal) does 1g of alcohol provide?
7kcal
53
Which of the following is NOT a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin d
54
Which mineral is involved in oxygen transport?
Iron
55
Which vitamin can be synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
56
Which DRV represents the intake level for 50% of the population?
EAR
57
Which nutrient is key for nerve transmission and muscle contraction?
Calcium
58
What is the protein RNI for healthy adults aged 19–50?
0.75g/kg
59
Which nutrient enhances absorption of non-haem iron?
Vitamin C
60
Which component contributes most to energy expenditure?
Basal Metabolic Rate
61
What is iodine’s main role in the body?
Thyroid hormone production
62
What is the role of protein in human health?
Tissue repair, enzymes, hormones, immunity; RNI = 0.75g/kg; excess is deaminated and stored.
63
What percentage of the adult human body is water?
50-60%
64
Which hormone primarily regulates water retention in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
65
Iodine deficiency is commonly associated with what condition?
Goitre
66
What is zinc’s function in the body?
Antioxidant and immune function
67
What is the definition of malnutrition?
An imbalance of energy/nutrients
68
Which is an anthropometric measure?
BMI
69
What is MUST used for?
Nutritional screening
70
Fluid RNI for adult males is:
2.5L/day
71
Which nutrient is needed for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
72
Key symptom of dehydration?
Confusion
73
Which vitamin is important for vision and immune function?
Vitamin A
74
Primary source of sodium in most diets?
Added salt
75
Who is at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency?
Individuals with darker skin
76
Deficiency in which micronutrient causes anaemia?
Iron
77
Which mineral supports thyroid hormone synthesis?
Iodine
78
Which is NOT a form of malnutrition?
Balanced nutrient intake
79
Tool used for skinfold body fat estimation?
Caliper
80
Waist circumference assesses:
Abdominal fat distribution
81
What increases water loss?
Sweating
82
Importance of water in the body?
temp regulation, nutrient transport, waste removal, joint lubrication
RNI: 2.5 L (males), 2.0 L (females)
Dehydration causes fatigue, confusion; excess causes hyponatraemia
83
What is MUST and its use?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
5 steps: BMI, weight loss, acute disease effect, risk score, action plan
Used in clinical screening and monitoring malnutrition
84
What is anthropometry? List three methods.
Measurement of body size/composition.
Methods:
BMI (weight/height²)
Waist circumference (abdominal fat)
Skinfold thickness (body fat %)
85
What best defines a solute?
The solid component dissolved in a solvent
86
What describes a supersaturated solution?
A solution containing more solute than normally soluble
87
Why is solubility important in drug development?
It influences bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy
88
Which method does NOT enhance drug solubility?
Increasing particle size
89
What is the primary barrier to drug absorption?
Lipid bilayer structure
90
Which dosage form offers immediate bioavailability?
Intramuscular injection
91
Mandatory pharmaceutical label info includes?
Expiration date
92
Why use amber glass in packaging?
To protect drugs from light degradation
93
What does pharmaceutics focus on?
Formulation of drugs into suitable dosage forms
94
Why are multiple dosage forms needed?
To tailor drug delivery to patient/drug needs
95
Which is a semisolid dosage form?
Suppository
96
Correct match of dosage form and route?
Suppository – Rectal
97
Which is a specialized DDS?
Buccal patch
98
Traditional forms vs advanced DDS?
Traditional forms often rely on passive diffusion
99
Most important DDS selection factor?
Pharmacokinetic properties
100
TPN is given via?
Central venous catheter
101
TPN vs PPN – key difference?
Administration route
102
Which macronutrient is NOT in TPN?
Nucleic acids
103
Which formula estimates BEE?
Harris-Benedict equation
104
Increased electrolytes in TPN may be needed due to?
Fever and dehydration
105
Major risk of TPN EXCEPT?
Enhanced GI motility
106
Who MOST likely needs TPN?
Short bowel syndrome patient
107
Why is drug ionization important?
It affects solubility and absorption
108
Weak base is more ionized at?
Low pH
109
Partition coefficient helps predict?
Drug absorption across membranes
110
Drug with high partition coefficient is likely to?
Easily cross lipid membranes
111
Cosolvency refers to?
Using two solvents to enhance solubility
112
Increasing temperature usually does what to solubility?
Increases it
113
Drug dissolution is governed by?
Noyes-Whitney equation
114
Solubility decreases when?
Non-ionized form dominates
115
Labels must include?
Storage instructions
116
Why is clove oil used in nanoemulsions?
Anti microbial properties
117
What does SOR affect in emulsions?
Size and stability of droplets
118
Method to prepare nanoemulsions?
High-pressure homogenisation
119
Lower SOWR causes?
Larger droplet size
120
NOT a nanoemulsion test?
X-ray crystallography
121
Clove oil is regulated due to?
Pharmacological effects
122
UK pharmaceutical labeling is overseen by?
MHRA
123
Delivery system for lipid-soluble, water-insoluble drugs?
Oily suspension
124
Noyes-Whitney equation describes?
Drug dissolution rate
125
MOST critical factor for nanoemulsion stability?
Surfactant-to-Oil Ratio (SOR)
126
Patient on TPN develops fever – likely cause?
Catheter-related bloodstream infection
127
Tablet has slower onset than suspension – why?
Higher surface area in suspension speeds action
128
Cream has turned yellow/layered – what to do?
Advise disposal due to compromised stability
129
Weak base in stomach (pH 1.5) – ionization state?
Mostly ionized, poorly absorbed
130
Key factor for pediatric formulation?
Palatable taste and suitable dosage form
131
Reducing SOWR causes?
Larger, less stable droplets
132
Best dosage form for impaired GI absorption?
Buccal patch
133
Key labeling factor for food/medicinal product?
Accurate nutritional & therapeutic claims
134
Best pH change to enhance solubility of a weak acid?
Increase pH
