mock questions Flashcards
what is the gold standard investigations for kidney stones?
non-contrast CT KUB (kidney
ureter bladder)
. A 28-year-old gentleman presents to A&E with severe 9/10 intermittent abdominal pain. The
pain woke him from sleep last night around midnight and is felt on his right side as well as in
his testicles. When he went to the toilet he also noticed his urine was red. He is a non-smoker
and on observations he does not have a fever.
kidney stones
what defines CKD?
- eGFR <60mls/min/1.73m2 >3 months
what defines end stage renal failure?
eGFR <15
what is a potential side effect of tamsulosin?
postural hypotension
why might tamsulosin be perscribed?
for benign prostate hyperplasia
what is the commonest type of renal cell carcinoma?
clear cell
Robert, a 76-year-old gentleman, presents to his GP with urinary frequency, haematuria and
night sweats. He also reports 2 stone recent weight loss. DRE reveals hard craggy mass.
prostate cancer
what class of drug is goserelin?
GnRH agonist
what class of drug is tamsulosin?
alpha blocker
what are the risk factors for erectile dysfunction?
Psychological causes include stress, depression and poor relationship with partner. Physical
causes include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, trauma. Lifestyle causes include smoking,
alcohol, obesity. Radical prostatectomy is a common cause.
where / why is erythropoietin secreted?
in the kidneys, due to low RBC count
what complicates a UTI?
male, pregnancy, children under 2 months old, immunocompromised, recurrent UTIs, structural abnormalities
how might autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cause a SAH?
causes a berry aneurysm, ruptures causing a SAH
what is the gold standard investigation for renal colic?
Non-contrast CT kidney, ureter, bladder
what is the most common composition of renal stones?
calcium oxalate
why might a renal stone be made of ammonium phophate?
occurs in renal colic caused by proteus, klebsiella and
pseudomonas bacterial infections causing ammonia build-up in the urine
what is the second most common composition of renal stones?
calcium phosphate
why might a renal stone be made up of cystine?
rare and tend to occur in people who have rare genetic disorders that cause
cystine to leak from the kidneys into the urine
. A 45-year-old painter presents to the GP with blood in his urine. He says he has the urge to
go to the bathroom more been going to the bathroom more often than normal and there
isn’t any pain when he goes. He states he has noticed he has lost some weight over the
last few weeks without trying to, but he has been quite happy about that. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
bladder cancer - Painless haematuria is a strong suggestion of bladder cancer especially with changes to their bladder
habits. The patient is a painter also suggests this as exposure to azo dyes is a risk factor
what might someone with BPH present with?
nocturia
poor stream
post-micturition dribbling
urgency incontinence
what are some common bacterial causes of UTIs?
e.coli proteus mirabilis klebsiella pneumoniae staphlococcus saprophticus enterococcus
how is nephrotic syndrome defined?
Proteinuria (>3.5g/day) – damaged glomerulus more permeable → more protein come across
from blood into nephron → proteinuria
• Hypoalbuminaemia – albumin leaves blood
• Oedema (periorbital and arms) – oncotic pressure falls due to less protein in blood → lower
osmotic pressure → water driven out of vessels into tissues
• Hyperlipidaemia and lipiduria – loss of protein = less lipid synthesis → more lipids in blood →
more in urine
what component of U&Es should we be most concerned about in a patient with AKI?
potassium - When a patient with an AKI’s kidney function start failing, they are unable to excrete potassium.
When this happens, it causes a build-up in the blood and leads to hyperkalaemia which is a medical
emergency as it can result in a cardiac arrest
