mocks Flashcards
1
Q
what is a eukaryotes
A
complex organisms made of eukaryotic cells
2
Q
what are prokaryotes
A
single celled basic bacteria organisms
3
Q
what is in animals cells
A
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
4
Q
what is nucleus
A
contains genetic info and controls cells activity
5
Q
what is cytoplasm
A
gel like subsustance contains enzymes that control chemical reactions that happen there
6
Q
what is cell membrane
A
holds cell together and controls what goes in and out
7
Q
what is mitochondria
A
where most aerobic respiration reactions occur
8
Q
what are ribosomes
A
where proteins are made
9
Q
what do plant cells have that animals do not
A
cell wall, permenant vacuole, chloroplasts
10
Q
what is cell wall
A
rigid structure made of cellulose and strengthens the cell
11
Q
what is permenant vacuole
A
contains cell sap
12
Q
what is chloroplasts
A
contain chlorophyll that absorb light for photosynthesis
13
Q
what do prokaryotes have
A
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, circular strand of dna
14
Q
what is a plasmid
A
small dna ring
15
Q
magnification equation
A
image size/real size
16
Q
when do animal cells differentiate
A
at start of life and not again once dufferentiated
17
Q
what are chromosones
A
long lengths if dna that carry genes found in nucleus
18
Q
process of cell division
A
1.cell grows
2.dna duplicates so there is one copy of each chromosone for the new cells
3.chromosones line up in centre if cell and are pulled apart.
4.cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
5.2 genetically identical daughter cells are made
19
Q
how many times does a body cell divide in mitosis
A
1
20
Q
what are stem cells
A
undifferentiated cells that can form different types of cell when needed. e.g for growth or for replacing damaged cells
21
Q
what is a con about adult stem cells
A
they cannot turn into ANY cell only a few
22
Q
what is theraputic cloning
A
a cell is made to match the patients genetic info
23
Q
theraputic cloning steps
A
nucleus removed from egg cell
nucleus from body cell put into stem cell
egg cell divides by mitosis forming and embryo containing stem cells
24
Q
what is diffusion
A
movement of particles from an area of high conc to low and is passive
25
what is rate of diffusion effected by
conc gradient(steeper is faster)
temp(higher is faster)
surface area(larger is faster)
26
what is osmosis
movement of water across a partially permiable membrane from an area of high conc to low conc
27
what is active transport
movement of ions from an area of low to high conc
28
how to find surface area to volume ratio
find volume
find surface area
divide them together to get x
put in ratio x:1
29
what are the things done to better an exchange surface
thin membrane= short diffusion distance
large surface area
30
alveoli adaptions
enormous surface area
moist lining = dissolving
thin walls
good blood supply
31
villus adaptions
single layer of surface cells
good bloody suply
32
what is a tissue
group of similiar cells that work together to do a function
33
what is an organ
a group of different tissues that work together to do a function
34
where is bile made
liver
35
basic cardiac cycle
deox blood. vena cava, right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs. ox blood. lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, ventricle, aorta, body
36
what are arteries job
and adaptions
carry blood away from heart to the organs
strong and elastic due to high pressure blood
37
what are cappilleries job
and adaptions
carry blood very close to each cell to exchange materials
one cell thick, permiable walls
38
what are veins job
and adaptions
carry blood to heart
valves
big lumen even though blood is low pressure
39
what are red blood cells job
and adaptions
transport oxygen around the body
biconcave and no nucleus
40
what are white blood cells job
and adaptions
defend cells from patheogens
can engulf patheogens
produce antitoxins and antibodies
41
what are platelets job
small fragments of cells to help blood clot
42
what are plasmas job
carries red blood cells, nutrients, co2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxing
43
what does the upper epidermis do
transparent to let light through
44
what does palisade mesophyll do
contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
45
what does spongy mesophyll do
air gaps for gaseous exchanhe
46
what does phloem transport
food cell sap
47
what does xylem transport
water
48
what is the transpiration stream
movement of water through a plant from roots to leaves
1)water inside leaf evaporates and diffuses out leaf
2)creates a sligh water shortage so water is drawn up bu tje xylem
3) turns into a constant transpiration stream
49
factors effecting transpiration rate
light intensity, temp, air flow, humidity
50
what is a guard cell when the stomata is opened and closed
opened is turgid closed is flaccid
51
what is a communicable disease
ones that spread person to person e.g malaria
52
what are non communicable
cannot spread e.g cancer
53
what is cardiovascular disease
heart or blood vessels being blocked bu layers of fatty material
54
what do stents do
wire mesh tubes that keep coronary arteries open
55
stent advantage
disadvantage
effective for long
infection
56
what are statins
drugs to reduce too much cholesterol which causes fatty deposits
57
statin advantage
disadvantage
reduce risks of strokes
have to take drug long term
58
artificial heart advantage
disadvantage
less likely to be rejected by immune system
short term
59
what is a benign tumour
is not cancerous and cannot spread
60
what is a malignent tumour
cancerous and spread to healthy tissue
61
what are enzymes
large proteins
62
what happens to an enzyme reaction if temp increases
it increases untill it gets too hot and denatures
63
what happens to enzyme reaction if ph increased
if too high or low it becomes denatured
64
rate of reaction equation
1000/time
65
how is food broken down
mechanical digestion
chemicals digestion
66
what do digestive enzymes do
break down big molecules to small so they can pass through digestive system
67
what does amalyse break down
startch
68
what does protease break down
proteins into amino acids
69
what do lipases break down
lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
70
where is bile made, stored and released
made in liver, stored in gall bladder , released in small intestine
71
what does bile do
emulsifies fat and neutralises the stomach acid as it is alkaline
72
how to test for sugar
add benedict will change blue to green to red
73
how to test for startch
add iodine turns black
74
how to test for protein
add biuret and shake tube should turn purple
75
how to test for lipids
add sudan stain and there should be 2 layers forming top one being red
76
what are patheogens
microorganisims that enter body and cause communicable disease
77
what do bacteria do
reproduce rapidly in body and produce toxins that damage cells and tissues
78
what do viruses do
invade cells and reproduce rapidly and replicate to burst the cell to release the new viruses
79
what do protists do
live on or inside organisms and spread via vectors
80
what is a vector
an organism which carries a disease but does not get it
81
how are patheogens spread
water
air
direct contaxt
82
how to prevent disease spread
hygeine
destrying vetors
isolation
vaccine
83
what are the bodies defences
skins=barrier+secrete antimicrobal
hairs nose =trap
trachea mucus=trap
HCL=destroys patheogens
84
vaccine pros
cond
herd vaccinations
bad reaction
85
how does bacteria resistance occur
a vaccine is given and some bacteria survive this means only the non resistant strain is destroyed. The resistant gene in the bacteria is carried on when they reproduce
86
stages of drug testing
87
are clinical trials blind
yes
88
what is nitrate and magnesium deficiency do to a plant
nitrates produce protein for growth=stunted growth
magnesium make chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis=chlorosis yellow leaves
89
physical chemical and mechanical plant defence examples
phys= layer of dead cells on stems
chem=poisons e.g foxgloves
mech=thorns
90
photosynthesis word equation
co2+h2o ---> glucose+o2
91
photosynthesis symbol equation
6co2+6h2o--->c6h12o6+6o2
92
what is glucose used for in plants
respiration
making cellulose-strength
making amino acids-protein
93
how does a plant store glucose
lipids convert =seeds
startch convert-roots
94
what are photosunthesis limiting factors
light intensity
co2 level
temperature
95
what is the rate of photosynthesis practicals independent and dependent variable
independent is light intensity
dependent is amount of oxygen produced
96
what is respiration
the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell
97
what is aerobic respiration and the word equation
respiration with oxygen
glucose+o2-->co2+h2o
98
how do organisms use respiration energy
1)build up larger molecules from smaller
2)muscle contractions
3)steady body temperature
99
what is anareobic respiration and the word equation
the incomplete breakfown of glucose to lactic acid without oxygen so the glucose is not fully oxidised
glucose----->lactic acid
100
what is oxygen debt
amount of extra oxygen needed by the body after excercise to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells
101
anaerobic respiration in plants word equation
glucose--->ethanol+co2
102
what does physical activity do
1)increase breathing rate so more oxygen
2)increase heart rate so blood flows quicker so more oxygen is delivered to cells
103
what happens in anaerobix recovery period
oxygen debt is present so heart and breathing rage stay high whilst oxygen debt is paid back
104
what is homeostasis
regulation of conditions inside your body and cells to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes in both internal and external conditions
105
what are the 3 main components in automatic control systems
receptors coordination centres and effectors
106
what is a stimulus
a change in the environment you might need to respond to
107
describe what happens when when a stimulus is noticed
receptors detect stimulus when the level of something (e.g water) is too high or low. They send this information to the coordination centre whicj proceses the info and organises a response to the effectors. The effectors respond to counteract the change and brong the level back to its optimum
108
what happens in the central nervous system
all info from receptors is sent and a reflex is coordinated
109
what are effectors and what do they do
they are muscles or glands and instructions from the cns are sent down neurons to them so they bring out a response to a stimulus
110
what are sensory neurons
carry info as electrical impulses from receptors in sense organs to cns
111
what are relay neurons
carry electrical impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons, found in cns
112
what are motor neurons
neurons that carry electrical impulses from cns to effector
112
what is a synapse
the connection between two neurons
113
what do synapses do to the transmission
slow it down as chemicals diffuse across the gap
114
what are reflexes
fast automatic responses to stimuli
115
5 steps of reflex arcs
1)receptor detect stimulus. Impulses go to sensory neuron then relay
2)impulses reach synapse and release chemical. Chemical diffuses across gap and to relay neuron
3)impulses reach synapse chemicals released diffuse to motor neuron
4)impulses go to effector
5)reaction happens
116
what are hormones and where are they produced
chemical messengers which travel through the blood to activate target cells and produced in endocrine glands
117
examples if endocrine glands
pituatry-master gland as act on other glands
pancreas-produces insulin regulates blood glucose
thyroid-produces thyroxine regulates heart rate
adrenal-produce adrenaline
118
3 differences between nerves and hormones
nerves are faster
hormones act lonher
nerves act on previse areay
119
processed of insulin in pancreas after eating
carbohydrates are eaten=blood glucose rises and rises is detected by pancreas. Pancreas produces insulin into the blood. insulin makes cells take in more blood glucose. Cells in liver and muslces store this as glycogen. Blood glucose level lowers.
120
type 1 diabetes controls (3 things and brief explanations)
1)insulin therapy- insulin injected so glucose is removed from blood stops levels getting too high
2)
limit intake
3)excecise-lower blood glucose increased metabolism
121
controlling type 2 diabetes (2 point and brief explanation)
