Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

325 patho > mod 1 > Flashcards

mod 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

pharmacology

A

study bio effect drugs on body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pharmacokinetics (4 components)

A

what happens to drugs in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pharmadynamics

A

MOA, effects of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

med names

A

chemical - longest and used in research typically

generic - official name, always lower cased
ex. acetomedafine

trade- brand name, easier to say, always capitalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

definitions

A

therapeutic effects - desired effect

side effects- unintended effects, unavoidable, expected

toxicities- harmful effects

adverse effects - unexpected and dangerous reaction

allergic- unexpected, may be dangerous, immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what we need to know about meds

A 
name (generic)
classication (drug class)
MOA
common/serious side effects
contraindications
nursing indications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

drug approval

A

FDA

preclinical - animal testing
phase 1- healthy volunteer humans
phase 2- volunteers with disease
phase 3- vast clinical market, must say side effects
phase 4- continued eval by FDA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

controlled subs

A

schedule 1-5

schedule 1 - not approved
schedule 2- narcotics, high potential abuse
sched 3- less pot abuse (non barb sedatives, nonamphetamines, stims
sched 4- some pot abuse (sedatives, anti-anx)
sched 5- low pot abuse - cough surrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

OTC meds

A

consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dietary supps

A

can only claim affect on body stucture and function, not med condition

adverse interactions
- can incr toxicity pres med or cause decrease therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

teratogens

A

congental malformatiopns dev fetus

Cat A- safe
B- lack studies
C- no studies, animal studies risk
D- poss risk fetus, dis with OB
X- known risk, not outweigh benefits (Isotretinoin, Acutane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

how genes affect response to drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cellular adaption

A

changes body cell go through to permit survival and mx cell function
- size/form

atrophy- decrease shrink size
- physiologic- developmental issue (birth)
-pathologic- decrease workload change env conditions - blood supply, hormones
++decreased protein synthesis and/or incre protein catabolism

hypertrophy- incr size and function, mechanical stimuli
- heart and kidneys most prone negative adaptation, hypertension w/ inc BP

hyperplasia- incr # cells from incr rate cell division prolong injury
++ turns into dysplasia
- only cells have ability divide (skin, intestinal, glandular)
- physiologic- pregnancy and wound healing
-pathologic- cancers

dysplasia- abnormal changes of mature cells - atypical hyperplasia
- often with neoplastic growths, but NOT MEAN CANCEROUS - inflammation and chronic irritation

metaplasia- reversible replacement 1 type mature cell to another, can predispose to cancer

neoplasia- abnormal cell growth, gene mutation
anaplasia- cells diff to immature form or embryonic form (cancerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neoplasms- tumor

A

benign- differentiated immarture cells, unable to metastasize, grow slow, encapsulated, not cause severe probs

malignant/cancer - undifferentiated, more anaplastic, rapid growth, metastasize, no capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

necrosis

A

irreversible, sweliing, burst cell, inflamation
ischemic necrosis- infarction
can lead to gangrene and breading ground bacteria
liquefactive necrosis- tissue w lots of lipids or number inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gangrene - disruption blood supply with bacteria

A

dry- blackened, dry, line demarcation

wet- liquefacation, foul, rapid spread, extensive damage, systemic, no line demarcation

gas- destroys connective tissues, gaseous bubbles, found in soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

infection

A

host take over
localized- spec place
systemic- spread sev regions

causes
common- virus and bacteria
virus- only DNA/RNA must have host cells, covid, aids, flu
bacteria - much larger virus, single-celled, 1 strand DNA, reproduce inside/outside cell - strep, tb, uti

rare
fungal - yeast inf
protozoa- wet, malaria
helminths - hook worm
prion- only composed on protein- mad cow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

modes transportation

A 
must have reservoir to live and grow
- humans, insects, envir
direct- kiss, sex, contact, droplet
indirect- airborne
- vehicle- food, water, blood - Hep A
- vector- misquito- malaria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

port entry organisms

A

oro and nasopharynx- airways, lungs, stomach and GI

genitourinary- sex, catheter

skin- biggest barrier and biggest vulnerability if cut or not intact

translocation- move bacteria across intestinal lining
++PEROTINEAL CAVITY, blood stream

blood- transfusion, needle sticks

maternal-fetal trans- cross placenta - zeka virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stages infection

A 
incubation- first get symptoms
prodromal- onset nonspecific symptoms
acute- get specific S/S
convalescent- S/s get better
resolution- pathogen elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

infectious process

A

injury- short per vasoconstriction - stop bleeding and invasion orgs, then prolonged VASODILATION- allow blood flow, bring immune cells, ++inflammation- warmth, redness, swelling

incr permeability- fluid pulled out vascular space (blood vessel) and into place injury

immigration leukocytes- neutrophils attack area, also eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes

phagocytosis- leukocytes arrive and eat invaders - neutrophils and monocytes primary

exudate- leaky stuff from phagocytosis - 4 types

systematic symptoms- if not localized - FEVER- good- helps stim def mx to rid body orgs, slow bacteria virulent and divide, improved our immune syste- better neutrophil and macrophage func, improve antibody and T-cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

colonization- spec body site- not cause s/s, not sick

infection- cause s/s, have infection

    • incr temp, HR, RR
  • -labs- culture and urinalysis
Study These Flashcards
A

cultures-
- gram stain- blood, urine, body fluids, gram - more dangerous++

culture and sensitivity- 24 hrs basic result, 72 id and pattern- says which antibiotic bacteria sensitive to

+++ sputum, urine, blood,
- skin contamination

urine- dipstick- pH 5-98 normal
nitrates (normal negative)
- bacteria change nitrate into nitrites
luekocytes- normal neg
blood- (normal <5)
23
Q

healthcare infections- nosocomial

Study These Flashcards
A

MRSA- resistant spec drug
CRE- resistant entire class meds
MDRO- multi drug resistant org

24
Q

superinfection- new infection occurs when treating diff infection- kill helpful flora+++ GI tract

Study These Flashcards
A

– C Diff- extreme diarrhea, id with PCR, do not put on anti diarrhea meds
tx with Po/iv metronidazole or vancomycin

  • candidiasis- skin yeast infection, oral/vaginal, thrust when in mouth
    tx with antifungal
25
inflammation
ends with itis begins healing process - detroys invaders, limits spread, prepares damage tissue for repair S/S Localized- redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss function - causes- exogenous (trauma); endogenous (ischemia) ** acute only last 2 weeks
26
events inflammation
- tissue injury - vasodilation and vascular permeability - leukocyte recruitment (chemotaxis with neutrophils) - phagocytosis antigens exudates from phagocytosis (leaky fluid) x 4 - serous- watery, low protein mild inflam - serosanguineous- pink-tinged, small amount RBC - purulent- severe inflammed w bacteria - abscesses req drainage - hemmorrhagic- most severe, lots RBC - -
27
systemic manifestations infection
driven by cytokines | - fever, incr neutrophils, lethargy, muscle catabolism
28
specific adaptive immunity
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - cluster genes chromosome 6 - human leukocyte antigen complex (name tag) proteins made by these genese are on cell surface, id as self and are MHC class 1 and II recognize/destroy foreign invaders retain memory (adaptive) - WBC - B cells (humoral) - body fluids - T-cells (cell mediated)- antigens on cells MHC- proteins used to see self and non-self
29
humoral immunity = antibody immunity
B-cells- antibody mediated immunity - memory cells- remember antigen, puts name tag - plasma cells- secrete antibodies, bind to antigen
30
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
``` 5 classes IgG- most common, bacteria and virus IgM- cytotoxic functions, new infections IgA- secretory functions, bodily fluids IgD- stims B cells, B-cell helpers IgE- allergic rx, sig mast cell degranulation ```
31
immunity
passive- pass person to person , mother to fetus, injection antibodies - IgA- breastmilk, IgG- placenta active- body's own response through B-cells, active infection, vaccines titer test confirms immunity
32
vaccines
traditional- inactive, killed attenuated- live, weakened form **not give to pregnant, weakened immune, chronic disease ** nasal flu vaccine toxoids- inactive toxins stimulate production antitoxin *tetanus conjugate- protein/toxin from one attache to disease-causing org to stim response *H influenza mRNA- snip of genetic code ** covid vaccines
33
3 phases drug action 1. pharmaceutic (dissolution) 2. pharmacokinetic (what body does to drug) 3. pharmacodynamic (what drug does to body)
1. pharmaceutical- PO drugs only - disintegration and dissolution 2. pharmacokinetic 4 processes 1. absorption- GI, small intestine 2. distribution- blood 3. metabolism/biotransformation- liver 4. excretion- kidneys
34
first pass effect
PO drugs only metabolism of drug before systemic circulation by liver - bioavailability is amount left after first pass
35
3 routes absorption
Enteral- PO - by way of GI - -enteric coated breaks down small intestine not stomach - - PO breaks down stomach, absorbed small intestine - - SL, buccal, rectal - no first pass, highly vascular tissue 2. parenteral- SQ, IM, IV, intrathecal, epidural, - no first pass and IV fastest 3. topical (transdermal) - no first pass, slow - eyes skin, ears, nose , lungs
36
pharmacokinetics - distribution
movement drug through body and to target site ** need adequate blood circulation - disruptions - decreased blood flow - peripheral vascular disease, abscesses, tumors blood brain barrier- brain very tight junctions, lipid-soluble only, alcohol, glucose can cross, not fully devel in infants protein binding effect- temp storage drug allows longer availability goal- maintain steady free drug/unbound AKA Steady State **only UNBOUND drug is active and exert effects - reversible process **Albumin primary plasma protein and drug binds hypoalbuminemia- malnutrition, liver disease - incr free drug, overdose and toxicity to drug
37
pharmacokinetics - 3. metabolism
aka biotransformation - drug becomes inactivated - metabolite in LIVER - converts to water-soluble metabolite for kidney excretion CYP450 - enzyme metabolize drug, used by 1/2 drugs - substrate- drug uses 450 for metabolism - inducer- makes drug inactive, reduces amount drug body and therapeutic effect - inhibitor - slow drug metabolism, incr amount drug body, incr risk toxicity, decrease drug breakdown * *grapefruit juice known CYP450 inhibitor meaning incr drug amount and lead to loxicity
38
pharmacokinetics - 4. excretion kidneys
elimination, gen only hydrophilic drug, must be water soluble * *kidneys through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption - if drug heavily excreted and not reabsorbed, need frequent drug admin to keep steady state kidney disfunction - decr kidney = incr drug and toxicity renal labs - blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine **glomerular filtration rate (GFR)- best measure kidney function - GFR of drugs is related to free drug concentration in plasma half-life - time required drug decrease by 50% - takes 5 half lives for 97% elim and varies drug to drug - take 4-5 half-lives for steady state - control effective state - when intake drug =amount metabolised/excreted
39
around the clock dosing
goal maintain 50% used for chronic pain and PRN for breakthrough pain onset - time takes drug elicit therapeutic effects peak- time reach max therapeutic effect duration- time drug conc is sufficient to elicit therapeutic response
40
phase 3 drug action: pharmacodynamic- what drug does to body
drugs may incr/decr, replace, inhibit, destroy, protect, or irritate to cause response - exert multiple rather than single response - some desired, some not (side effects) receptors- proteins on cell surface - hormones and neurotransmitters interact w drugs to produce effects = drug-receptor complex agonist- stimulate, initiate desired effect, binds to receptor antagonist- inhibits/blocks, prevents/blocks nat substances (ligands) from binding to site to cause a response - receptor-less activation- chem/physical interaction ex- antacid
41
drugs worrisome
narrow therapeutic index- ratio - controls toxicity | black box warning- keeps drugs on market- package insert, product label, on magazine/advertising
42
adverse drug reaction
``` MED ERRORS, 3rd leading cause death prevent errors 1. restrict 2. practice drug differentiation "tall man" 3. use computerized systems 4. make pt info accessible 5. standardize and simplify 6. apply reminders 7. include pt therapy 8. don't use trailing zeros 9. use leading zeros ```
43
high alert meds
``` heparin insulin opiods injectable KCL neuromuscular blocking agents chemotherapy drugs ```
44
drug interactions that increase therapeutic effect
- additive - 2 drugs same MOA - synergism/potentiation- 2 drug diff MOA but result combined effect greater than alone - displacement- moves 1 drug from protein-binding site to second drug - incr effect of displaced drug
45
drugs interactions decrease therapeutic effects
- antidote- given to antagonize toxic effect - narcan - decrease intestinal absorption- PO meds - activation CYP450 - incr metab rate drug
46
older adults and pharmacokinetics
hepatic- decrease drug metabolism GI- decrease absorption PO cardiac- decrease circulation= decrease distribution renal- drug excretion less completely
47
pathophysiology
patho- abnormal study disease and injury and how affect body pathology- lab study of cells and tissues
48
disease
disrupt homeostasis - homeo- same - stasis- balance - physical, mental, social (autism) maintain equilibrium feedback control group
49
causes disease - need susceptible host, conducive environment, and pathogen
intrinsic - genes, immunity, age, gender extrinsic- bacteria, virus, injury, bx, stressors, fungi
50
process disease
1. ID - S/S 2. occurrence- how often and when 3. diagnosis- ID 4. etiology- cause, what call 5. prognosis- likelihood recovery
51
stages disease
1. exposure- where? 2. onset - sudden - insidious- slow, gradual (chronic) - latent- dormant - prodromal- indicates onset - manifestation- S/S 3. Remission - not active 4. convalescence- recovery
52
causes/type disease
idiopathic- unknown latrogenic- caused by tx - MDRO exacerbation- worsening disease - asthma
53
terminology
``` hypo- under hyper- over, above penia- lack of, deficiency cytosis- cells, increase osis- process, condition, production/increase, invasion/infection itis- inflammation path- disease/suffering ```
54
cough
``` acute/chronic allergies smoking meds sputum ``` systems: heart and lungs others: pain (headache), swelling/edema, fever, fatigue, weight loss

325 patho (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions