mod 1 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon
A
forebrain
2
Q
midbrain, pons, medulla
A
brainstem
3
Q
pons, medulla
A
hindbrain
4
Q
outer meningeal layer
A
dura mater
5
Q
middle meningeal layer
A
arachnoid mater
6
Q
inner meningeal layer
A
pia mater
7
Q
central sulcus
A
separates frontal and parietal
8
Q
lateral sulcus
A
separates temporal from parietal and frontal
9
Q
parieto-occipital sulcus
A
separates parietal and occipital
10
Q
transverse fissure
A
separates temporal from cerebellum
11
Q
location of conus medullaris
A
at the termination of spinal cord - after L1
12
Q
location of cauda equina
A
collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal after L3
13
Q
filum terminale
A
anchors the spinal cord so it sits nicely in the vertebral canal
14
Q
location of white and grey matter
A
in spinal cord - grey is central located and white is peripherally
opposite in brain
15
Q
posterior
A
dorsal
16
Q
anterior
A
ventral
17
Q
dorsal root
A
afferent fibres
18
Q
ventral root
A
efferent fibres
19
Q
Paresthesias
A
sensory loss
20
Q
high tetraplegia is damage to what
A
C1 to C4
21
Q
low tetraplegia is damage to what
A
C5 to C8
22
Q
damage to thoracic, lumbar, or sacral injuries
A
paraplegia
23
Q
damage to left ventral horn
A
paralysis on right side
24
Q
damage to right dorsal horn
A
sensory loss on left side
25
outer layer of dura mater
periosteal
26
inner layer of dura mater
meningeal
27
what creates the brains folds
folding of the meningeal
28
falx cerebri
separates two cerebral hemispheres
29
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebellum + cerebrum
30
falx cerebelli
two cerebellar hemispheres
31
subdural space
space between dura mater and arachnoid mater, very narrow contains film of fluid
32
how is arachnoid mater connected to pia mater
by fine strands of connective tissue (arachnoid trabecular)
33
arachnoid villi
knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater
34
arachnoid granulations
aggregations of arachnoid villi that drain CSF into venous sinuses
35
4 cisterns of importance
1. interpeduncular cistern
2. pontine cistern
3. superior cistern
4. cerebellomedullary cistern
36
cistern
enlarged subarachnoid space
37
pia mater
sends prolongations into brain tissue along with blood vessels forming perivascular space, helps form the roof of the ventricles closely associated with choroid plexus and ependyma
38
which layer of of dura mater does the spine not have
no periosteal layer
39
epidural space
space between spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall, contains fat and venous plexus, largest at L2 for anesthesia
40
lumbar cistern
inferior to spinal cord below L1 for lumbar puncture to sample CSF
41
denticulate ligament
supports spinal cord within dural sheath down into the filum terminale
42
meningitis
inflammation of pia mater and arachnoid mater
43
midbrain
help to anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem.
contains the oculomoter nerve (anteriorly) and trochlear nerves (posteriorly) and cerebral peduncles
44
superior colliculi
visual rely and reflex centres
45
inferior colliculi
auditory relay and reflex nuclei
46
substantia nigra
located deep to cerebral peduncle
functionally linked to basal nuclei/ganglia
contains melanin pigment
47
red nucleus
lies deep to the substantia nigra
rich blood supply and contains iron pigment
relay nucleus in some descending motor pathways
48
pons has
trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and the 4th ventricle
49
pyramidal decussation
axons of pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level just above the medulla-spinal junction (at level of foramen magnum)
50
medulla role
maintains body homeostasis, containing the cardiac, respiratory and other reflex centres. has functional association with the hypothalamus
51
interventricular foramen
links the lateral with the third lateral
52
cerebral aqueduct
links the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle
53
fourth ventricle
between cerebellum and pons/medulla
2 lateral apertures, and one median aperture
54
CSF circulation
produced in choroid in lateral ventricle --> through interventricular foramen to third ventricle --> through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle --> exits at median aperture or down to spinal cord --> from median aperture to cistern magna --> arachnoid villi --> superior sagittal sinus
55
hydrocephalus
enlarged head in newborn baby, an excessive amount of CSF in ventricular system due to issues with circulation or absorption into venous sinus
56
10 seconds of interruption of blood flow
cause unconsciousness
57
1 to 2 minutes of interruption of blood flow
can impair neural function
58
4 minutes of interruption of blood flow
irreversible brain damage
59
common carotid artery divides into
external and internal carotid artery
60
what does external and internal carotid artery supply to
external supplies to face, internal supplies to brain
61
what does the internal carotid artery divide into
the anterior and middle cerebral artery
62
circle of willis
basal artery connects to internal carotid artery (via posterior communication arteries)
63
circle of willis function
maintain blood supply to entire brain if 1 artery gets blocked
64
what does posterior cerebral artery supply
the medial aspect of the hemisphere (1/3), occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, 3rd and lateral ventricles
65
what does the middle cerebral artery supply
almost all the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
66
what does the cerebral artery supply
the medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres (2/3) and basal nuclei
67
occlusion of anterior cerebral artery results in
contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (2 arteries) and impaired sensation in lower limb greatest
68
occlusion of middle cerebral artery
a severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation mostly in upper limb and face
69
damage to dominant hemisphere during occlusion to middle cerebral artery
other hemisphere (left) will have motor problems with inability or severe problems with speech
70
occlusion of posterior cerebral artery
contralateral homonymous hemainopsia
71
venous drainage of the brain
fine veins -> pial venous -> cerebral veins -> dural venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein -> heart
72
pial venous plexuses
mass group of veins within the pia mater
73
olfactory nerve
SENSE smell, pass through cribform plate of ethmoid bone
74
optic nerve
SENSE - vision, passes through optic foramen
75
oculomotor nerves
MOTOR - (emerge from ventral midbrain) moves eyeballs, constricts pupil, passes through superior orbital fissure
76
levator palpebrae superior muscle does what
raise upper eyelid
77
trochlear nerve
MOTOR - (emerge from dorsal membrane) eye movement (rotation downward + laterally), passes through superior orbital fissure
78
trigeminal nerves V1
ophthalmic division - vision, axons run from face to pons via superior orbital fissure (SENSORY)
79
trigeminal nerves V2
maxillary division, axons run from face to pons via foramen rotundum (SENSORY)
upper teeth, palate, skin cheek and upper lip, nasal cavity
80
trigeminal nerves V3
mandibular division, pass through skull via foramen ovale. (SENSORY to anterior tongue,
lower teeth, temporal region of scalp)
(MOTOR to carry proprioceptor axons from muscles of mastication)
81
impaired chewing would be due to which cranial nerve
trigeminal nerve
82
abducens nerve
MOTOR - abducts eyeball, leave inferior pons to pass through superior orbital fissure
83
droopy eyelids is damage to what
oculomoter nerves
84
facial nerves
SENSORY AND MOTOR from pons to temporal bone via internal auditory meatus
85
5 branches of facial nerves
temporal - temporal region
zygomatic - zygomatic bone
buccal - cheek region
mandibular - mandible
cervical - neck region
86
bells pasly or distrubed sense of taste is damage to what
facial nerves
87
facial (motor)
to skeletal muscles of face except chewing
88
facial (sensory)
impulses from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue
89
vestibulocochlear nerves
SENSORY, pass through intneral acoustic meatus
90
nystagmus, deafness, dizziness damage of what
vestibulocochlear nerves
91
glossopharngeal nerves
SENSORY and mOTOr through jugular foramen
sensory - posterior 1/3 of tongue
motor - axons to pharyngeal muscle - stylopharyngeus
92
vagus nerve
sensory and motor, jugular foramen
motor - skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx
sesnory-abdominal viscera, pharynx, carotid sinus?
93
only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck to thorax and abdomen
vagus nerve
94
hoarseness of loss voice, impaired swallowing, digestive system mobility damage to
vagus nerve
95
accessory nerves
MOTOR jugular foramen, supplies axons to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for neck shoulder movement
96
unable to shrug/move head/neck/shoulder damage is due to
accessory nerves
97
hypoglossal nerve
MOTOR, hypoglossal canal, motor axons to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue (for movements of speech, food manipulation, swallowing)
98
damage to causes difficulties in speech and swallowing
one side - tongue deviates
both sides - inability to protrude tongue
hypologossal nerve
99
nonfluent aphasia
damage to brocas area
100
fluent aphasia
damage to wernickes area
101
reticular formation
involved in habituation, composed of clusters fo grey matter scattered through brainstem
can be inhibited by sleep centres located in hypothalamus
102
arbor vitae-tree of life
white matter
103
cerebellum primary concern
posture, balance, movement across multiple joints
104
how synergistic multijoint movement is achieved
1. premotor cortex inform to start voluntary muscle contraction
2. cerebellum receives information from proprioceptors
3. information includes tension in muscles/joints
4. cerebellum evaluates body position and momentum
5. calculates best way to coordinate
6. coordinates movement
105
what connects the right and left hemisphere of the cerebellum
vermis
106
two main inputs of the cerebellar circuits
mossy fibres (from spinal cord) and brainstem neurons
107
what do mossy axons form excitatory synapses with in the cerebellar cortex?
granule neurons
108
the sole output neuron from the cerebellar cortex
purkinje neuron
109
vermis function regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei
projects to fastigal nucleus
110
intermediate zone of the function regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei
projects to the interposed/interpoisitus nucleus
111
lateral zone of the functional regions and the deep cerebellar nuclei
projects to the dentate nucleus
112
motor input of cerebellum
corticopontine tract goes onto the cerebellum to form the corticopontine cerebellum tract
113
sensory input of cerebellum
spino-olivary tract -> inferior olivary nucleus -> lateral zone -> dentate nucleus -> red nucleus -> thalamus -> primary motor cortex (then output via lateral corticospinal tract)
114
spinocerebellar intermediate zone circuits
controls accuracy of movement of limbs e.g. precision at a joint
115
spinocerebellar medial/median/vermal zone circuit
controls posture via influencing axial muscles in trunk
116
vestibulocerebellar circuits
maintain balance via axial limb muscles
117
inferior cerebellar peduncle
conveys sensory information to the cerebellum
118
middle cerebellar peduncle
contains only afferent axons
119
superior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum to midbrain
120
ataxia
inaccuracy in speed, force and distance of movement
121
tremor
involuntary oscillation of the limbs or trunk
122
nystagmus
rhythmic voluntary oscillation of the eyes
123
headache+vomiting
blockage of CSF drainage from 4th ventricle
124
projection tracts
extend vertically from brain to spinal cord, forming internal capsule
125
commissural tracts
cross from one hemisphere to the other
126
anterior commisure
includes axons that connect the middle and inferior temporal gyri of the two sides
127
association fibres
connect lobes and gyri within the hemishpere
128
putamen + globus pallidus
lentiform nucleus
129
lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus
corpus striatum
130
corpus striatum + subthalamic nuclei + substantia nigra
basal ganglia
131
putamen + caudate nucleus
striatum
132
basal ganglia function
motor control
133
parkinsons disease
substantia nigra dopamine neuron degeneration
134
forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
thalamus
135
epithalamus
generates melatonin
136
taste
lower end of postcentral gyrus
137
smell
medial temporal uncus and orbitofrontal lobes
138
vision
occipital lobe
139
hearing
superior temporal lobe
140
equilibrium
mainly to the cerebellum
141
mechanoreceptors
sensitive to mechanical force e.g. touch pressure, vibration
142
thermoreceptors
are sensitive to temperature change
143
photoreceptors
respond to light energy
144
chemoreceptors
respond to chemicals in solution
145
nociceptors
respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain
146
exeroreceptors
sensitive to stimuli arising outside of body
147
interoreceptors / visceroceptors
are sensitive to stimuli within the body
148
proprioceptors
are sensitive to internal stimuli
149
gracile tract
medial - carriers impulses from lower limbs and inferior body trunk
150
cuneate tract
lateral - transmits afferent impulses from upper limbs, trunks and neck
151
processing at receptor level
detect stimuli -> transduction -> propagation
152
anterior spinothalamic pathway
transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite somatosensory cortex
153
lateral spinothalamic pathway
first order: dorsal root ganglion
2nd order: dorsal horn of spinal cord
cross in spinal cord
3rd order: thalamus
concerned with pain and temperature
154
spinocerebellar pathways
no cross over and no third oder neuron, axons go straight to cerebellum rather than thalamus
1st order: dorsal root ganglion
2nd order: dorsal horn neuron
155
dorsal column pathway
first order: dorsal root ganglia
2nd order: nucleus gracillis and cuneatus
cross at medulla
3rd order: thalamus
156
dorsal column injury
loss of fine touch and conscious proprioception on same side below site of injur
157
injury on left anterolateral side
loss of pain and temperature on right side
158
injury on right posterolateral side
loss of unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum from right side of the body
159
cortical motor areas
produce direct pyramidal system
160
brainstem motor areas
oversee the indirect (extrapyramidal) system
161
direct pyramidal system (concerned with voluntary movments)
PMC -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncle -> pyramids *cross over* -> down lateral tract
162
damage to corticospinal tract at any level
paralysis of target muscles
163
lesion above pyramidal decussation on right
paralysis of left upper limb and lower limb muscles
164
lesion below the pyramidal decussation in left lateral T10 spinal cord
paralysis of left lower limb muscles
165
indirect extrapyramidal system four major nuclei
superior colliculus, red nucleus, reticular formation in pons and medulla, vestibular nuclei in medulla
166
tectospinal tract
move head and neck and visual input
167
rubrospinal tract
maintain muscle tone
168
reticulospinal tract
initiates CPG in spinal cord
169
vestibulospinal tract
maintain balance
170
command nerons in brainstem nuclei
start/stop. and regulate posture and balance
171
ascending tracts
dorsal white column: gracile and cuneate fasciculus
spinocerebellar tracts: dorsal + ventral
spinothalamic tracts: lateral + ventral
172
descending tracts
corticospinal pyramidal tracts: lateral + ventral
rubrospinal tract
reticulospinal tract: medial + lateral
vestibulospinal tract
tectospinal tract
