Mod 1 Flashcards

Question

Genetically modified food

Answer 1

GMF - foods that have undergone alterations to their DNA DNA can be altered through: - selective breeding (seedless grapes, broccoflower) - use of a vector (golden rice, RoundUp Ready Soy) - They do not change OUR DNA - they are not likely to present risks for human health (WHO) - concerns/debates remain around biodiversity, allergic potential, ethics, labelling

Answer 2

1. DNA of organism with a desired trait 2. Scientist cut out just that gene segment of the desired trait 3. A plasmid vector is used for gene transfer 4. Gene is incorporated and sits on the plasmid vector 5. As it grows, the target organisms takes up the desired gene from the vector 6. Target organism has new gene incorporated in its DNA - can be used if we found a gene that resists pesticides or a gene that produced high amounts of vitamins

Answer 3

The maintenance of our bodies and lives Nutrients contribute to: - body structure - body function - energy provision (carbs and proteins = 4 kcal/g, and lipids = 9 kcal/g)

Answer 4

- sustenance - enjoyment - psychological (depressed people may eat more or may eat less) (you may eat more when ur sad, or bored)

Answer 5

- genetics can influence nutrition in a number of ways (genetic influences on appetite, nutrient absorption, nutrient use) - our diet can also influence the expression of genes (whether gene information leads to the formation of proteins) (epigenetics) * diet does not change DNA/genes *

Answer 6

Mother mouse is yellow and obese - when fed methyl-rich diet the offspring is brown and lean - when fed normal diet the offspring is yellow and obese Changing the diets of pregnant mice affected gene expression in their offspring!

Answer 7

During WW2, Germany shut off all supplies to Holland and a lot of mothers were starving and survived on 500 calories a day. These pregnant women gave birth to children more likely to develop depression, CVD, Type 2 diabetes, schizophrenia. When compared to their siblings that weren't born during this famine, these other children were normal

Answer 8

1. Balance - consuming nutrients and energy in the proportions that most promote health - 80% healthy choices, 20% less healthy choices 2. Variety - consuming a diversity of foods - we are less likely to be deficient in nutrients if we consume a range of different whole foods 3. Moderation - not too much, not too little (salt is the perfect example) 4. Nutrient Density - amount of nutrients in a food/meal compared to a reference amount - Example: 100 kcal of milk - 12 g sugar, 8g protein, 300 mg calcium, etc. 100 kcal of cola - 39g sugar

Answer 9

- people change their diet constantly - we can't force people to eat a certain way - it is difficult to know for certain what people eat - others factors beyond nutrition affect health - difficult to establish causation

Answer 10

Experiments and epidemiological research - both use the scientific method

Answer 11

1. define the problem 2. take observations of the phenomena 3. make a hypothesis 4. develop study methods 5. take detailed results 6. analyse data 7. draw conclusions

Answer 12

- randomised controlled trails - usually involved two similar groups (experiment group - undergoes experimental treatment, control group - no treatment maybe placebo) - only one factor is different between the two groups (ex. experimental group received the supplement) - if there is a difference in the groups by the end (ex. increase in perceived alertness in experimental group), it is most likely due to the factor being tested

Answer 13

- aka population-based studies - look at population trends without manipulating variables Ex 1: do Japanese people who eat a lot of fish have a lower risk of CVD than Americans who do not eat a lot of fish? Ex 2: Nurses Health Study: - gathered info about nurses habits, medical history, etc. - checked in on them over time - questions: what factors increased risk of CVD, cancer, etc?

Answer 14

association does not equal causation! - results could be for other reasons too - people change their diet over time Also our methods of determining peoples diet all have limitations - impossible to for sure know what and how much people eat

Answer 15

- personal testimonies drawn from direct or indirect causal experiences - not scientific, not peer-reviewed - be cautious with this type of evidence (its unscientific)

Answer 16

- Pubmed and google scholar - library website as well

Answer 17

Lowest to highest - anecdotal evidence - expert opinions - epidemiological evidence - RCT - systematic reviews

Answer 18

VETO: V - is it Valuable? - is it relevant, does it make sense given what we know? E - is it Evidence-based? - based on quality scientific evidence, were results correctly analysed? T - is it Trustworthy? - where is the info coming from, is it a credible source? O - is it Opinion-based? - does it show bias for only one side with a disregard for competing evidence, is it trying to sell us something?

Answer 19

- there are still many unanswered questions - its difficult to prove anything - human nutrition is integrative and complex - a western science lens in only one lens to study nutrition

Answer 20

Western science lens and Indigenous lens (indigenous ways of knowing (IWOK) - a lens that can be sued in addition to Western science to understand natural phenomena)

Answer 21

Western science lens: - often studies the effects of individual nutrients on health, etc. - food is a non-living thing - we harvest and consume food for our own benefit Indigenous lens: - often looks at food as a whole - food is seen as dynamic, living entity - food is part of our relationship with each other and the land

Answer 22

- consume more whole foods and less processed foods - practice balance, variety, and moderation with food choices - consume foods that are higher in nutrient density - use the VETO technique to evaluate nutrition information for credibility and believability

Answer 23

False - enriched foods are processed foods that have had their nutrients added back after being lost during processing - whole foods are less processed and contain their natural nurtients

Answer 24

Yes and each organic food varies on its degree of processing - they can be classified into any NOVA category

Answer 25

ranks food based on their nutrient density

Mod 1 Flashcards

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