MOD. 1 Intro to DNA

Question 1

What does the term ‘biotechnology’ derive from?

Answer 1

Three Greek words: bios (life), technos (technology), logos (thinking)

Defined as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Question 2

Who coined the term ‘biotechnology’ and in what year?

Answer 2

Karl Ereky in 1919

He published a book titled ‘Biotechnologie der Fleisch-, Fett- und Milcherzeugung im landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebe’.

Question 3

What are the main applications of biotechnology?

Answer 3

Medical, agricultural, and industrial applications

Involves the use of living organisms or products from living organisms.

Question 4

List the scientific disciplines involved in biotechnology.

Answer 4

• Recombinant DNA techniques
• Biochemistry
• Molecular and cellular biology
• Microbiology
• Genetics

Question 5

What is selective breeding?

Answer 5

An ancient biotechnology method used as early as 8000 B.C.

It involves breeding plants or animals for specific traits.

Question 6

Who was the first to create a vaccine and in which century?

Answer 6

Edward Jenner in the 18th century

Question 7

What major genetic discovery did Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin make in the 1950s?

Answer 7

The double-helix structure of DNA

Question 8

What technique is Kary Mullis known for developing?

Answer 8

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

PCR is used for amplifying specific DNA strands.

Question 9

What significant project was completed in 2003 related to genetics?

Answer 9

Human Genome Project (HGP)

It mapped the complete sequence of a human genome.

Question 10

What is the approximate number of genes in the human genome?

Answer 10

20,000 genes

Question 11

Fill in the blank: The complete sequence of a human genome includes _______ base pairs.

Answer 11

3 billion

Question 12

True or False: The Human Genome Project covered all regions of the human genome.

Answer 12

False

It initially covered only the euchromatic fraction, leaving some heterochromatic regions unfinished.

Question 13

What consortium presented a complete sequence of a human genome that includes gapless assemblies?

Answer 13

Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium

Question 14

What percentage of the human genome was initially left unfinished after the first release?

Answer 14

8%

Question 15

What are the key contributions of Gregor Mendel to genetics?

Answer 15

Laws of inheritance

Question 16

What is the significance of the year 1965 in relation to nucleic acids?

Answer 16

The terms deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) were formally named

Question 17

What is the role of operons in gene regulation?

Answer 17

They are mechanisms that control the expression of genes

Jacob and Monad contributed significantly to the understanding of operons.

Question 18

What is the GRC assembly?

Answer 18

A reference genome assembly that includes gapless assemblies for all chromosomes except Y, corrects prior errors, and introduces nearly 200 million base pairs of sequence.

Question 19

How many gene predictions are included in the GRC assembly?

Answer 19

1956 gene predictions, with 99 predicted to be protein coding.

Question 20

What does the completed regions of the GRC assembly include?

Answer 20

All centromeric satellite arrays, recent segmental duplications, and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes.

Question 21

What is the primary method used to construct the GRC assembly?

Answer 21

Constructed from sequenced bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) ordered and oriented along the human genome.

Question 22

What are some limitations of BAC cloning?

Answer 22

Underrepresentation of repetitive sequences and a mosaic of haplotypes due to opportunistic assembly from multiple individuals.

Question 23

What is one consequence of incompatible structural polymorphisms in the GRC assembly?

Answer 23

Several assembly gaps are unsolvable.

Question 24

What regions are included in the GRCh38 reference assembly?

Answer 24

151 mega-base pairs of unknown sequence distributed throughout the genome, including pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions.

Question 25

What are some examples of the largest reference gaps in GRCh38?

Answer 25

* Human satellite (HSat) repeat arrays * Short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes.

Question 26

True or False: The centromeric alpha satellite arrays in GRCh38 are represented as real sequences.

Answer 26

False.

Question 27

What significant discovery did Watson and Crick make in 1953?

Answer 27

They deduced the structure of the DNA molecule as a double helix.

Question 28

Who deciphered the genetic code in 1967?

Answer 28

Har Khorana, Robert Holley, and Marshall Nirenberg.

Question 29

What was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA?

Answer 29

Human insulin (Humulin) in 1982.

Question 30

What year did the Human Genome Project begin?

Answer 30

1989.

Question 31

What technology was developed by Kary Mullis in 1986?

Answer 31

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Question 32

Fill in the blank: A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and _______.

Answer 32

one or more phosphate groups.

Question 33

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 33

The process of DNA being transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.

Question 34

What is RNA splicing?

Answer 34

The process of removing introns from the pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.

Question 35

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Answer 35

Carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Question 36

What percentage of the DNA sequence is typically copied into functional RNA (mRNA) in mammalian cells?

Answer 36

Only 1%.

Question 37

What are exons?

Answer 37

Coding sequences of a gene that are expressed.

Question 38

What are introns?

Answer 38

Non-coding sequences of base pairs that interrupt exons in a gene.

Question 39

What happens to nRNA after transcription?

Answer 39

Introns are removed by RNA splicing, resulting in mature mRNA.

Question 40

In which part of the cell does transcription occur?

Answer 40

In the cell nucleus.

Question 41

True or False: Proteins code for the production of RNA.

Answer 41

False.

Question 42

What is the complementary RNA copy called?

Answer 42

nuclear RNA, or nRNA ## Footnote This RNA copy is the initial transcript of DNA before splicing.

Question 43

What process removes introns from nRNA?

Answer 43

RNA splicing ## Footnote This step is essential to produce mature mRNA from nRNA.

Question 44

What is the edited RNA sequence called?

Answer 44

messenger RNA, or mRNA ## Footnote mRNA is crucial for protein synthesis.

Question 45

What cellular structures do mRNA encounter in the cytoplasm?

Answer 45

ribosomes ## Footnote Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

Question 46

What does mRNA carry?

Answer 46

the gene's instructions ## Footnote These instructions dictate the production of proteins.

Question 47

What are the non-coding sequences of a gene called?

Answer 47

introns ## Footnote Introns are removed during RNA splicing.

Question 48

What are the coding sequences of a gene called?

Answer 48

exons ## Footnote Exons are the sequences that remain in mature mRNA.

Question 49

What defines the genetic code?

Answer 49

a sequence of nucleotide bases ## Footnote The sequence is translated into amino acids during protein synthesis.

Question 50

How many possible codons exist in RNA?

Answer 50

64 ## Footnote This is due to the four types of nucleotides and triplet combinations.

Question 51

What are stop codons?

Answer 51

codons that specify termination of the polypeptide chain ## Footnote There are three stop codons.

Question 52

What is the genetic code described as due to multiple codons coding for the same amino acid?

Answer 52

degenerate ## Footnote This redundancy helps protect against mutations.

Question 53

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 53

the transfer of a DNA fragment from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element ## Footnote This technology is also known as gene cloning.

Question 54

What do plasmids do in recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 54

generate multiple copies of the same gene ## Footnote Plasmids are commonly used vectors for gene cloning.

Question 55

What can cells with inserted DNA become?

Answer 55

factories for the production of proteins ## Footnote They produce both native and foreign proteins.

Question 56

What is one reason for developing transgenic plants?

Answer 56

to improve agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental value ## Footnote Transgenic plants can also act as living bioreactors.

Question 57

What trait does herbicide tolerance provide to crops?

Answer 57

resistance to herbicides ## Footnote This allows for effective weed control without harming the crop.

Question 58

What is the purpose of genetic modification in the Pinkglow pineapple?

Answer 58

to turn off the enzyme that converts lycopene into beta carotene ## Footnote This modification enhances the fruit's color and nutritional value.

Question 59

What is one application of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture?

Answer 59

production of herbicide-tolerant crops ## Footnote This allows for higher yields and reduced chemical use.

Question 60

What type of resistance does the genetically modified Hawaiian papaya have?

Answer 60

resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) ## Footnote This trait was achieved by inserting a gene from the virus itself.

Question 61

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 61

to carry a sequence of three complementary nucleotides (anticodon) ## Footnote tRNA pairs with mRNA codons to add the correct amino acid.

Question 62

What is the first step in the transcription process?

Answer 62

the DNA sequence is transcribed into nuclear RNA ## Footnote This step occurs in the nucleus before RNA splicing.

Question 63

What does the mRNA dictate during protein synthesis?

Answer 63

the production of proteins by ribosomes ## Footnote Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence to assemble amino acids.

Question 64

What are the two methods of gene delivery in plant transformation?

Answer 64

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistics ## Footnote Both methods introduce foreign DNA into plant cells.

Question 65

What is the significance of the genetic code being degenerate?

Answer 65

most amino acids are represented by more than one codon ## Footnote This redundancy helps minimize the effects of mutations.

Question 66

# 17TH Century Advent of cellular biology

Answer 66

Robert hooke | (microscope)

Question 67

# 18th Century First vaccine

Answer 67

Edward Jenner

Question 67

# 19th century Law of inheritance

Answer 67

Gregor mendel

Question 68

# 19TH century Nucleus in the cell

Answer 68

Robert brown

Question 69

# 19th century Nuclein

Answer 69

Fredrich Miescher

Question 70

# 19th century Chromosome

Answer 70

Heinrich Wilhelm

Question 71

# 20th century Principles of genetic was refined

Answer 71

Thomas hunt Morgan

Question 72

# 20th century Gene

Answer 72

Wilhel Johannsen

Question 73

# 20th century Antibiotics

Answer 73

Alexander Fleming

Question 73

# What year? terms deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid RNA are formally named

Answer 73

1965

Question 74

# What year? Marked the completion of human genome Project

Answer 74

2003

Question 75

# History of Biotechnology Stanley Cohen determines that bacteria carry genes for antibiotic resistance on plasmids. Plasmids were purified and reinserted into other bacterial cells, transferring antibiotic resistance in the process.

Answer 75

1968

Question 76

# History of Biotechnology Restriction enzymes discovered. Boyer isolates the "Big Daddy" of restriction enzymes, EcoR1. In the following years, hundreds of different restriction endonucleases are found that cleave DNAatspecific sites.

Answer 76

1970

Question 77

How did they Discover the Recombinant of DNA?

Answer 77

in 1972 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen cobined their research about restriction enzymes and plasmid transformation tp create a recombinant DNA. Herbert Boyer works on restriction enzyme while Cohen works on plasmid-based antibiotc resistance in E.coli, they isolated DNA fragments in various sources and inserted into the E.coli plasmids using the restriction enzymes, and successfully expressed the inserted genes. This leads to the development of recombinant DNA technology, revolutionizinf the genetic engineering.

Question 78

# History of biotechnology Recombinant DNA technology begins

Answer 78

1972 ## Footnote Paul Berg splices together two blunt-ended fragments of DNA from the SV40 virus and E. coli, creating a recombinant

Question 79

# History of biotechnology Cloning

Answer 79

1972 ## Footnote Cohen and Boyer discuss ways to combine plasmid isolation with DNA splicing

Question 80

# History of Biotechnology DNA sequencing developed and Monoclonal antibody technology developed

Answer 80

1975 ## Footnote Gilbert and Maxam of Harvard Univ. and Sanger of Cambridge Univ. simultaneously produce two techniques for determining the exact sequence of bases that make up agene. Milstein, Kohler and Jeme fused immortal tumor cells with antibody-producing B-lymphocyte cells to produce "hybridomas" that continuously synthesize identical (or "monoclonal") antibodies.

Question 81

Human insulin cloned into E. coli.

Answer 81

1978

Question 82

Human insulin or Humulin the first recombinant DNA drug approved by FDA

Answer 82

1982

Question 83

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) developed by Kary Mullis and revolutionizes molecular biology.

Answer 83

1986

Question 83

The Human Genome Project (HGP) begins. A plan to "map” human genes by the year 2005. Anticipated cost: $3 billion

Answer 83

1989

Question 84

First use of gene therapy to treat human patient. A 4-year old girl with ADA deficiency is the first recipient of gene therapy.

Answer 84

1990

Question 85

Brave new foods: FlavrSavr tomato, the first transgenic food introduced to the supermarket shelves.

Answer 85

1994

Question 86

First mammal cloned from adult cells: Dolly, a lamb cloned from an udder cell of an adult sheep born 6 years earlier. Breakthrough in gene expression and DNA sequencing technology with the introduction of DNA chips, small glass or silica microchips that contain thousands of individual genes that can be analyzed simultaneously. (Development of the GeneChip)

Answer 86

1996

Question 87

CRISPR (Clustered Random Interspaced Palindromic Repeats): function was elucidated by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier. Awarded as the Nobel Prize Winner last 2020

Answer 87

2007