Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience > Mod 15 Pain and Nociception > Flashcards

Mod 15 Pain and Nociception Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How is pain vital to human survival?`

A
  • teaches us to avoid potentially harmful situations
  • elicits protective withdrawal reflexes from noxious stimuli
  • encourages to protect and rest injured parts of our body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is nociception?

A

sensory nervous system’s process of encoding noxious stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pain?

A
  • perception (physical discomfort, hurt, or suffering) resulting from actual or potential tissue damage
  • personal experience influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is acute pain?

A
  • result of tissue damage, with well defined onset and pathology
  • protective function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is chronic pain?

A
  • no protective function and does not always need tissue pathology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of acute pain?

A
  • nociceptive
  • neuropathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

due to actual activation of nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

neurons have been sensitized to pain, still carry sensation of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is pain unique to each person?

A

several factors (biological, psychological, social) can influence the perception of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is nociceptor activation/firing necessary for pain?

A

not exactly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the life expectancy for patients with no pain sensation the same as those with?

A

no, tend to be shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the characteristics of nociceptors?

A
  • “free” nerve ending
  • A delta fibers (fast): mechanical and thermal
  • C fibers (slow): chemical and polymodal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nociception response?

A

A fibers: first/fast response, sharp and localized
C fibers: throbbing, aching dull pain sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if you block A delta fibers?

A

loss of initial fast response of sharp and localized pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if you block C fibers?

A

loss of dull, poorly localized pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of glutamate and neuropeptides?

A

glutamate: fast acting neurotransmitter (fast pain)

neuropeptide: slow acting, can enhance effect of glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is unique about nociception compared to other senses?

A

only human sense that becomes more sensitive with repeated exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the neospinothalmic component of the STT?

A
  • a delta fibers
  • mediates fast pain, temperature, and touch
  • localized discriminative nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the paleospinothalmic component of the of the STT?

A
  • c fibers
  • mediates slow pain
  • more enduring, aching, intense pain with an affective nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do primary afferents conveying nociceptive input synapse in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do wide, dynamic range neurons respond to?

A

typically respond to nociceptive input but receive non-noxious input as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is affect?

A

emotional feeling, tone, or mood attached to a thought elicited by conditions and circumstances of internal and external environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is motivation?

A

state of need within us that arouses, maintains, and directs behavior toward a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is acute pain?

A
  • occurs as a result of tissue damage
  • well defined onset
  • protective in nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is chronic pain?
- outlasts time expected for tissue healing - may occur with or without detectable tissue damage - no longer serves a protective function
26
What are the characteristics of acute pain?
- nociceptive - neuropathic
27
What are the characteristics of chronic pain?
- neuropathic - nociplastic
28
How are nociceptive signals modulated?
1. sensitization - peripheral (primary hyperalgesia) - central ( secondary hyperalgesia) 2. inhibition - gate control - descending systems of analgesia
29
What is peripheral sensitization?
increased sensitivity of receptors and primary afferents to noxious stimuli
30
What is primary hyperalgesia?
exaggerated sensitivity of a nociceptor to noxious stimuli form of peripheral sensitization
31
What is central sensitization?
amplification of neural signaling within the CNS that elicits pain and hypersensitivity
32
What is secondary hyperalgesia?
exaggerated sensitivity in areas outside the zone of injury form of central sensitization
33
What is allodynia?
ordinarily painless stimuli are experienced as pain form of central sensitization
34
What is nociceptive pain?
pain that comes from actual or threatened damage to the non-neuronal tissue due to activation of nociceptors
35
What is neuropathic pain?
caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system
36
What is nociplastic pain?
pain coming from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage cause activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence disease or lesion of somatosensory system
37
What is the assessment of nociceptive pain?
- clear proportionate mechanical natter to pain - pain is localized to area of injury - reproduction of pain with movement
38
What is the assessment of neuropathic pain?
- pain described as burning/shooting - pain is associated with other neurological symptoms - positive neurological findings - pain provocation on palpation of relevant neural tissues
39
What is the assessment of nociceptive pain?
- pain is disproportionate to nature and extend of pathology - non anatomical - maladaptive psychosocial factors - absence of signs of tissue injury/pathology
40
What is gate control theory?
pain signals can be interrupted in the substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord, acts as a "gate"
41
What is the gate control theory in simple terms?
activation of light touch A-beta fibers activate inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord that shut off the nociceptor fiber transmission - when you jam your finger and put pressure on it or hold it, it can make the injury less painful A beta fibers block second order transmission of A delta and C fibers
42
How do PTs use gate control theory?
manual therapy, AROM, PROM, low grade joint mobilization
43
Is gate control theory temporary or permanent inhibition?
temporary
44
What is descending analgesia?
descending pain modulation system, projections from cortex to spinal cord to modulate pain initiate release of endorphins: serotonin (raphe nuclei) and norepinephrine (locus coeruleus) to make pain not feel as bad
45
How do you manage pain from the periphery as a PT?
touch and massage grade 1-2 joint mobilization heat and cold transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
46
What is exercise-induced analgesia?
release of beta endorphins from the pituitary and the hypothalamus enables analgesic effects by activating m-opioid receptors
47
What is phantom limb pain?
following amputation of limb surgically or accidentally, you feel pain and parathesias in the missing limb
48
How do you treat phantom limb pain?
surgical ablation, hypnosis, and rehab
49
What is thalamic syndrome in relation to pain?
- central post stroke pain - intractable as pain generation is above major centers of pain modulation - severe, burning, spontaneous paroxysmal pain
50
What is important about complex regional pain syndromes?
- post traumatic pain is disproportionate to the severity of the injury and accompanied by allodynia and automatic changes - maladaptive plasticity throughout nervous system - changes in cortical body representation
51
What happens in central sensitization?
- things that were not seen as painful are now painful (allodynia) - things that are slightly painful are now super painful (hyperalgesia)
52
What is graded exercise?
physical activity that starts very slowly and gradually increases overtime
53
What is graded exposure?
process by which you slowly and progressively expose yourself to some form of stress, in order to make you less sensitive to that form of stress
54
What are the benefits of pain neuroscience education?
- pain ratings - disability - pain knowledge - pain castrophization - fear avoidance
55
Who benefits from pain neuroscience education?
- sensitized nervous system - long lasting pain - high levels of fear or fear avoidance
56
What are the drawbacks of pain neuroscience education?
- not viable intervention for pain and disability - provides concerns regarding healthcare costs - clinicians need to be trained - long term effects not as significant as short term
57
What type of pain can PNE be used with?
nociplastic
58
What can use in addition with PNE?
- mobilization and manipulation - soft tissue massage - muscle and neural mobilization - trunk stabilization - circuit based aerobic exercise - movement exercise - dry needling - usual PT care
59
What referred pain area is associated with the diaphragm?
c3-4
60
What referred pain area is associated with the heart?
t1-4
61
What referred pain area is associated with the gallbladder?
t7-8
62
What referred pain area is associated with the small intestine?
t9-10
63
What area of referred pain is associated with the large intestine?
t10 on right
64
What referred pain area is associated with the reproductive organs?
t10-12
65
What referred pain area is associated with the kidneys and ureters?
L1-2

Neuroscience (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions