MOD 2 + 3

Question 1

What is the innate immune response?

Answer 1

A rapid, non-specific response that leads to viral clearance and adaptive immune development.

Question 2

What do PAMPs include?

Answer 2

Microbial signatures like viral DNA, dsRNA, ssRNA with 5’-PPP, and glycoproteins.

Question 3

Where do PRRs detect viruses?

Answer 3

At the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and endosomes.

Question 4

What do TLRs detect?

Answer 4

Viral DNA/RNA at the cell membrane and endosomes.

Question 5

What do RLRs bind to?

Answer 5

Viral RNA in the cytoplasm, undergo conformational change, and expose CARD domain.

Question 6

What are Type I interferons?

Answer 6

Cytokines that are produced by most cells and induce an antiviral state.

Question 7

What is Type II interferon?

Answer 7

Produced by activated T and NK cells and activates pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Question 8

What do Type III interferons act via?

Answer 8

IL-28 receptor and induce an antiviral state.

Question 9

What can interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) do?

Answer 9

Inhibit replication, inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis, regulate differentiation.

Question 10

What does oligoadenylate synthetase activate?

Answer 10

RNase L to degrade viral RNA.

Question 11

How do viruses evade immunity?

Answer 11

By strategies like membrane compartmentalisation, nuclear sequestration, RNA capping/methylation.

Question 12

What does the NS5 protein of Dengue/Zika do?

Answer 12

Degrades STAT2 to block IFN signaling.

Question 13

What does systems biology integrate?

Answer 13

High-throughput molecular methods and computational tools.

Question 14

What does Illumina sequencing use?

Answer 14

Short reads, is accurate but expensive.

Question 15

What does Oxford Nanopore sequencing provide?

Answer 15

Long reads, detects RNA modifications, and is portable and low-cost.

Question 16

How does Gene Ontology classify genes?

Answer 16

By biological process, molecular function, cellular component.

Question 17

What do RNA-Seq data formats like FASTQ contain?

Answer 17

Read IDs, sequences, and quality scores.

Question 18

What does the false discovery rate (FDR) account for?

Answer 18

Type I error in identifying differentially expressed genes.

Question 19

What are diagnostic tests used for?

Answer 19

To guide treatment, control outbreaks, and monitor new/emerging viruses.

Question 20

What can electron microscopy be used for?

Answer 20

To visualise virus particles during diagnosis.

Question 21

What does ELISA detect?

Answer 21

Viral proteins like NS1 in Dengue.

Question 22

What are lateral flow tests?

Answer 22

Portable, cheap, and used for antigen/antibody detection.

Question 23

What does PCR detect?

Answer 23

Viral nucleic acid and requires reverse transcription to cDNA for RNA viruses.

Question 24

What is TaqMan RT-PCR?

Answer 24

Quantitative, real-time, using fluorogenic probes and exonuclease activity.

Question 25

What do microsphere immunoassays attach components to?

Answer 25

Beads, detected via flow cytometry with lasers.

Question 26

What does epidemiology study?

Answer 26

Patterns and causes of health and disease in defined populations.

Question 27

What shapes virus epidemiology?

Answer 27

Agent traits, host factors, and environmental context.

Question 28

What is incidence?

Answer 28

New cases.

Question 29

What is prevalence?

Answer 29

Existing active cases.

Question 30

What is morbidity?

Answer 30

Percentage with symptoms.

Question 31

What is case fatality?

Answer 31

Deaths among infected individuals.

Question 32

What do epi curves show?

Answer 32

Onset of illness across time and population during outbreaks.

Question 33

What do cohort studies involve?

Answer 33

Defined populations and compare cases vs non-cases.

Question 34

What do case-control studies use?

Answer 34

Undefined populations and compare cases with healthy controls.

Question 35

What are quasispecies?

Answer 35

Related but non-identical viral genomes with high mutation and diversity.

Question 36

How often do RNA virus mutations occur?

Answer 36

1 per 0.1–10 virions, while DNA viruses mutate 1 per 50–500 virions.

Question 37

When does recombination occur?

Answer 37

When two viral genomes infect the same cell and exchange genetic material.

Question 38

When does reassortment occur?

Answer 38

In segmented viruses where genome segments mix in coinfected cells.

Question 39

What did rabbit myxoma virus evolution select for?

Answer 39

Less virulent strains and more resistant hosts.

Question 40

What are high mutation rates in viruses?

Answer 40

Positive forces in evolution and enable escape from immunity.