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MoD 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the units that make up a viruses protein coat?

A

Capsomeres

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2
Q

What makes up the cell wall of microfungi?

A

chitin

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3
Q

The most common yeast infection is ‘thrush’ caused by?

A

Candida albicans

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4
Q

What are protists and what are their four classes?

A

Protists are unicellular eukaryotes.

There are four classes of protista: 
apicomplxa (formerly sporozoa), 
flagellate protista,
ciliate protista
amoebae.
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5
Q

Which Protista causes a vaginal infection which produces a foul smelling discharge?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis.

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6
Q

Gram +ve bacteria cell walls chiefly compose of what?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What does the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram -ve bacteria contain

A

lipopolysaccharide

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8
Q

What is a fomite?

A

any Inanimate objects such as paper, pens, surgical instruments, etc. which may also act as the vectors of infection.

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9
Q

What are the four types of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism
Neutralism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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10
Q

Which bacteria are common flora on the skin?

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

eg. Staphylococcus epidermis

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11
Q

Which bacteria is common flora in the nasal cavity?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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12
Q

Which hospital acquired infection is a major risk of treatment with antibiotics and what does it cause?

A

Clostridium difficile

This causes diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis

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13
Q

what is MRSA?

A

Meticillin-resistant S. aureus

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14
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A 
The qualitative ability of a micro-organism to cause an infection. Requires:
Transmissibility
Establishment in or on a host
Harmful effect(s)
Persistence
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15
Q

What is virulence?

A

The quantitative degree to which a micro-organism is able to cause disease.

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16
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Organism should be present in disease but not in health.
Organism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture
Organism should cause the same disease in a newly inoculated animal.
Organism should be re-isolated from the experimentally-infected animal.

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17
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The ability of a micro-organism to become established on/in a host

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18
Q

What is endotoxin?

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A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the cell wall of gram -ve bacteria such as E. coli and Neisseria meningitides.
It is Released from damaged/dead cells.

19
Q

What is the host response to endotoxin?

Study These Flashcards
A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):

  • Uncontrolled T-lymphocyte response
  • Uncontrolled activation of the clotting cascade
  • Uncontrolled activation of complement
20
Q

What is exotoxin?

Study These Flashcards
A

Proteins produced by living bacteria

21
Q

What causes Botulism, how does it present clinically and how is it treated?

Study These Flashcards
A

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.
Can be ingested in food or through infection of a dirty wound.

Patients present with: Diplopia, Dysphagia, Dysarthria, Dry mouth
eventually flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure.

Treated with penicillin and botulinum antitoxin

22
Q

What causes Tetanus, how does it present clinically and how is it treated?

Study These Flashcards
A

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani after infection of dirty wound.

Patients present with lock jaw and muscle rigidity, which progresses to respiratory failure

Treated with metronidazole and tetanus antitoxin

23
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

Study These Flashcards
A

Exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis

24
Q

What causes scarlet fever?

Study These Flashcards
A

Exotoxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes

25
What are the possible sequelae of atherosclerosis?
- Occlusion - Weakening of the vessel wall (aneurysm) - Erosion (thrombosis formation)
26
What is Virchow's triad?
- Endothelial injury - Blood stasis - Hypercoagubility
27
Risk factors of venous thrombosis:
- Incompetent valves - Immobility - Hypercoagubility caused by: inflammatory mediators (due to infection or malignancy), factor V leiden, oestrogen
28
What is a mural thrombi and where and why might this occur?
Mural thrombi occur in the heart over areas of myocardial injury, this can be due to MI and myocarditis. Can also occur with arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy.
29
Name the different substances which can embolise:
Thrombus - venous or arterial Infective - vegetations on heart valves Tumour - as they penetrate vessels to metastasise Gas - air in surgery or nitrogen in the bends Amniotic - during labour Fat - significant trauma Foreign body - injected intravenously
30
What is reperfusion injury?
Reperfusion of non-infarcted but ischaemic tissues leading to generation of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells causing further cell damage
31
Causes of an ischaemic stroke:
Thrombosis secondary to atherosclerosis | Embolism eg. mural thrombus
32
Causes of a haemorrhagic stroke:
Intracerebral haemorrhage due to hypertension | Ruptured aneurysm eg. at the circle of willis
33
What is dry, wet and gas gangrene?
Dry gangrene Ischaemic coagulative necrosis only Wet gangrene Superimposed infection Gas gangrene Superimposed infection with gas producing organism
34
What is shock?
a significant reduction of systemic tissue perfusion (severe hypotension) resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues.
35
What are the cellular effects of shock?
Membrane ion pump dysfunction Intracellular swelling Leakage of intracellular contents into the extracellular space Inadequate regulation of intracellular pH Anerobic respiration generating lactic acid
36
What are the systemic effects of shock?
Alterations in the serum pH (acidaemia) Endothelial dysfunction causing vascular leakage Stimulation of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cascades End-organ damage (ischaemia)
37
What are the three types of shock?
HYPOVOLAEMIC - Intravascular fluid loss CARDIOGENIC- Cardiac pump failure DISTRIBUTIVE -
38
Causes of hypovolemic shock?
Haemorrhagic - eg. Trauma, ruptured aneurysm | Non-haemorrhagic fluid loss - eg. Diarrhoea, vomiting, burns, third spacing
39
What is third spacing?
Acute loss of fluid into internal body cavities | Third-space losses are common postoperatively and in intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, or cirrhosis.
40
What are the 4 categories of cardiogenic shock?
Myopathic (heart muscle failure) Arrythmia-related (abnormal electrical activity) Mechanical Extra-cardiac (obstruction to blood outflow)
41
What is Distributive shock?
A decrease in systemic vascular resistance due to severe vasodilation Has several subtypes including: Septic shock, Anaphylactic shock, Neurogenic shock, Toxic shock syndrome
42
What is neurogenic shock?
Spinal injury or anaesthetic accident causing loss of sympathetic vascular tone, leading to vasodilation and shock
43
What happens during septic shock?
Severe, over-whelming systemic infections The massive release of cytokines causes vasodilation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation can lead to ischaemia
44
What is Toxic shock syndrome?
Staph. aureus / Strep. pyogenes produce exotoxins called superantigens which do not require processing by antigen-presenting cells. This causes widespread activation of T cells and release of massive amounts of cytokines, reducing systemic vascular resistance

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