MOD 2: Resilience and posttraumatic growth Flashcards by Abby K

Four ways resilience has been studied

Ability to bounce back from stressors
Competence despite adversity (child
development literature)
Minimal symptoms following a trauma
(adult trauma literature)
Multidimensional assessment of resilience
(adult trauma literature)

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Resilience as ability to bounce
back after stressors
what % of students rate themselves as
resilient (mean score above neutral)

70% (most)

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People who say they are more resilient also report…
more what
less what

more:
 • Optimism
• Social support
• Active coping
Less: 
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Perceived stress

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Resilience as competence despite
adversity (child development
literature) this is also called what

emergent resilience

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Resilience in child development research

•Good adaptation despite risk factors
•Also referred to as “emergent resilience”
•Higher scores on Y axis indicate lower
competence

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UMN project competence: Assessment of Adversity

Acute and chronic life experiences that would be

stressful for most people

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UMN project competence categories

• ACEs: Child abuse; household dysfunction (e.g.,
parental mental illness)
• Trauma: e.g., disasters; parental death
• Focused on “independent” events outside of kid’s
control vs. events of their own doing (getting
arrested)

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UMN project competence defines it in terms of what

developmental tasks (not well-being)

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UMN project competence definition

Accomplishments expected in a given culture in

historical context during different age periods

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UMN competence domains

• Social competence
- Younger: peer relations
- Older: peers, romantic relationships, parenting
• Mastery 
-Younger: Academic achievement
- Older: Work 
• Conduct
- Younger: Rule breaking
- Older: legal trouble

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More people in – adversity group had adequate competence than – competence

high, low

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Compared to kids in maladaptive group (high
adversity/low competence), resilient kids (high
adversity/adequate competence) had

Higher IQs
Lower stress reactivity (neuroticism)
Better parenting

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T or F: Resilient kids were similar to competent kids (low adversity/adequate competence) in these resources: high IQ, lower stress reactivity and better parenting

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What type of kid has similarly good parents

resilient, maladaptive, or competent

Competent and resilient kids had similarly

good parents, better than maladaptive kids

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adequate resources for competence

If adequate resources are present, outcomes are -
high adversity and low resources =
high adversity and high/ave resources =

good even in the face of high adversity

not doing as well
doing ok

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Resilient kids also had average or better

socioeconomic resources
openness to experience
drive for mastery
feelings of self-worth
conscientiousness
adult support outside the family
Last two important in turn-around cases

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Matsen Ordinary Magic

These resources represent “fundamental adaptive systems that evolved biologically and culturally because they protect and promote development

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how are most college students with high ACEs doing

Most college students with high ACEs are

“doing OK” or “thriving”

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are students with more aces or less aces doing ok/thriving

fewer students with high ACEs are

doing OK or thriving than those with no/low ACEs

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what % of students with no or low aces are thriving

what % of students with high aces are thriving

85%

63%

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what % of UMN health student survey agreed they are resilient

70%

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describe the prevalence of resilience

Most people rate themselves as being able to bounce back from stressors
In Project Competence, even among kids with a lot of adversity, more were competent than not

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describe predictors of resilience Project Competence

• Basic cognitive, social, and
personal resources (lower
Neuroticism)
•Ordinary magic

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adaptations evolved over time to enable us to be more resilient

ordinary magic
• attachment system
• mastery motivation system
• cognitive systems associated with problem-solving and executive functions,
• religious/spiritual systems

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Which is an example of research showing emergent resilience? •A. A study that found low rates of depression following spousal loss •B. A study that found low rates of PTSD in kids with high number of ACEs •C. A study that found that women who had lost their spouses were resilient across many life domains •D. A study that found that many kids were competent despite adversity

D. A study that found that many kids were | competent despite adversity

3. Minimal symptoms following a trauma (adult trauma literature) how is it measured

measured as a lack of symptoms following a traumatic event | individual trajectory over time

3. Minimal Impact Resilience in Adults is focused more on what symptoms

psychological: depression, ptsd, ect.

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following | potentially traumatic events

chronic, delayed, recovery, resilience

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following | potentially traumatic events: Chronic

depressed before as well as after 12%

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following | potentially traumatic events: Delayed

doing good before then symptoms gradually increase 10% `

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following | potentially traumatic events: Recovery

symptoms increase after but come down 23%

Four typical trajectories of adjustment following | potentially traumatic events: resilient

no symptoms before or after, you are doing ok 65%

Across studies what trajectory is most common | chronic, resilient, recovery, delayed

resilient 65%

predictors of resilient trajectories

* Coping flexibility * Perceived self-efficacy * Optimism * Lower neuroticism

Study: depression following spousal loss | - what was the most common trajectory

resilient 66%

Study: depression following spousal loss | - distinguishing feature

Neuroticism predicted being in the two groups | that started out with more depression

Study: depression following spousal loss - distinguishing feature - neuroticism

increase they scored higher in depression prior | decrease they scored lower in depression prior

if a person is less neurotic then what happens to their trajectory

they are more resilient trajectory

4. Multidimensional assessment of resilience following adult trauma - rates of resilience

vary across domains | 19-66%

in the multidimensional how many people are resilient in at least 1 domain and how many are resilient in all domains

80% in 1 | 8% in all

Perceived -- -- and-- -- were best predictors of resilience following spousal bereavement

social support, social connectedness

UMN ACE resilient - what % of students in high ace group were resilient in at least 1 domain - what % of students in high ace group were resilient in all domains

95% | 34%

what is the difference between minimal and multidimensional

minimal you look at the symptoms before and after | multidimensional you look at multiple domains

describe the prevalence of resilience - adult trauma studies - newer studies

• In adult trauma studies, resilience – defined as few symptoms post trauma – is most common pattern - average prevalence = 65% • However, new studies suggest that few adults are resilient across all domains following trauma exposure

describe predictors of | resilience in adult trauma studies

* Lower neuroticism * Optimism * Good coping skills * More social resources

Post traumatic growth

positive life changes following trauma

what types of PTG are there

``` Veridical transformative life changes (vs. coping mechanism) Requires “seismic” event - May require shattering of fundamental schemas and subsequent rebuilding ```

- - does not involve an improvement from baseline | - -- involves improvement from baseline

Resilience | PTG

Research on PTG

has been increasing - in 2000 started to pickup - 2010 really increased

what are the most common positive changes that people report in PTG

- sense of self - relationships - spirituality - empathy for others

what % of people report some positive life change as a result of a trauma

74% noted at least 1 benefit (most people)

what was the most common benefit from PTG

new found ability to help others

PTG rape study | % reported that the rape had caused positive changes in their lives (at 3 days post rape)

57% | - most common: cautious and alert, appreciate life

Cancer patients report what amounts of PTG

small to moderate | 53%

does PTGI asses increased compassion

Research also shows increased helping behavior after 9/11

35-62% of people (mostly students not directly exposed) reported various helping behaviors (donating blood, giving $ to help victims)

helping behavior after earthquake | - how many had increase and how many had decrease

35% for both

T or F: Students with a recent PTE reported less recent | helping behavior than those without a recent PTE

F: Students with a recent PTE reported more recent | helping behavior than those without a recent PTE

* Positive life changes resulting from traumatic life events * Sense of self, relationships, life philosophy, empathy * Prosocial behavior

PTG

describe prevalence of post-traumatic growth (PTG)

``` Most people (> 50%) report some positive life changes following traumatic events ```

Frazier et al. perceived and actual PTG | - the correlations between the two

correlations between PTG and actual growth were small | .2

Frazer et al. found that the correlations between how much you say you changed and how much you actually changed were

small .2

Frazier et al. replications of perceived vs. actual change in PTG

other studies have also found very small correlations - .01 -.22 .09

completing the PTGI requires people to

- evaluate current rela - recall - asses change - determine change due to specific event

are people good at assessing change

no, Correlation between actual change and perceived change is small in other research areas personality .22 rela quality .20 symptoms .30

Frazier et al. - Students who reported more perceived growth (PTGI) at T2 -- in distress from pre- to post-trauma - Those who “actually” grew from T1 to T2 -- in distress from pre- to post-trauma

increased, decreased

Fraizer et al - when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease for perceived growth - when PTG increased then did distress increase or decrease from people that actually grew

increased, decreased

Perceived and actual growth have different relations with positive reappraisal coping

actual growth is not related to positive reappraisal growth

UMN health study did people grow

25% reported a “reliable” increase in life satisfaction from pre to post-trauma

Negative events did or did not produce more positive life change than positive events. Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis

did not

Individuals who experienced negative events did or did not have more positive change than comparison groups Mangelsdorf et al. (2019) meta-analysis

did not

PTG is reported soon after traumatic events

almost 5 positive life changes 2 weeks post-assault - Percentage of sample with moderate-to high PTG was slightly higher sooner post-event

When given the option, sexual assault survivors | reported

positive, negative, and no life changes

Participants reported -- growth on SRGS-R than on PTGI

less - SRGS 17% - PTGI 71%

Does focusing on PTG create an expectation that trauma should lead to positive transformation?

- felt guilty for not having experience

Most common response to question about finding | benefits from the loss was that there was

no benefit (22%)

Most common response to question about finding | benefits from the loss was that there was

no benefit (22%)

Do self-report PTG measures assess actual posttraumatic change? Correlations between perceived and actual change are

low - PTGI does not seem to measure actual change

Do self-report PTG measures assess actual posttraumatic change? People do or do not grow after negative events in some domains (e.g., relationships) but also grow after positive events and even after no events

do grow

Does focusing on PTG ignore negative life changes?

• When given the chance, people report negative or no changes • Allowing these responses seems to result in less “illusory growth”

MOD 2: Resilience and posttraumatic growth Flashcards

(80 cards)