Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIO LEC > Mod 3 Pt. I > Flashcards

Mod 3 Pt. I Flashcards

1
Q

3 Universal Ancestor

A

Domain Eukarya
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Domain Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek eu__ and karyon ___

A

“true”
“nut” or “kernel“.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

surrounded by a plasma
membrane and contains many different structures and organelles with a variety of functions.

A

eukaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

used to describe unicellular (single-celled) organisms that lack true nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. This means that the genetic material in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes or procaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prokaryotes or procaryotes is coined from two Greek
words

A

pro, before, and karyon, nut or kernel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Strengthen and give shape to the cell

A

Cell wall and pellicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Photosynthesis—trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and water

A

Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Cell movement

A

Cilia and flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Environment for other organelles, location of many metabolic processes

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Transport of materials, protein and lipid synthesis

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes, lysosome formation

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Cell structure and movements, form the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Energy production through use of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, andother pathways

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome construction

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Repository for genetic information, control centre for cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
-Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable barrier with transport systems, mediates cell-cell interactions and adhesion to surfaces, secretion

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(Eukaryotic cell structures & function)
- Temporary storage and transport, digestion (food vacuoles), water balance (contractile vacuole)

A

Vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

A

Capsules and slime layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
Survival under harsh environmental conditions

A

Endospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating

A

Fimbriae and pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
Provides the power of motility or self-propulsion

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments.

A

Gas vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

A

Inclusion bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Localization of genetic material (DNA)

A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake’

A

Periplasmic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(Prokaryotic cell structures and functions)
- Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic
processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • unicellular organisms without nuclei
  • No organelles
  • Have cell walls
  • Lacks peptidoglycan
  • DNA is more similar to eukaryotes, denotes lineage.
  • Live in extreme environments
  • No oxygen
  • hot springs, deep ocean
  • Energy: Chemosynthesis*
A

ARCHAEBACTERIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ARCHAEBACTERIA Biological Functions:

A
  • Protecting cell against ion & pH fluctuations, osmotic stress,
    degrading enzymes or predacious bacteria.
  • helps in maintaining shape & envelope rigidity of the cell.
  • it promotes cell adhesion to surfaces
  • widely studied recently especially in connection with
    nanotechnology due to their ability to self assemble protein
    units without the aid of enzymes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
- Type I
- The most common type of archaeal cell wall is an

A

S layer composed of either protein or glycoprotein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
- Type 2
- Additional layers of material are present outside the S-layer. In Methanosprillum, there is a

A

protein sheath external to the S-layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
- Type 3, In Methanosarcina,

A

S-layer is covered by a chondroitin like material called as methanochondroitin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
- Type 4
- S-layer is the outermost layer and is separated from the plasma membrane by
a peptidoglycan-like molecule called

A

psuedomurein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
- Type 5

A
  • S layer is absent.
    cell wall is single thick, homogenous layer
  • Gram positive bacteria. These archaea often stain Gram positive. This type is present in Methanobacterium, Halococcus etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

It is a thin layer lining the inner surface
of the cell wall.

  • Semipermeable membrane controlling
    the flow of metabolites
  • Chemically, consists of Lipoprotein and
    carbohydrates. Sterols are absent
A

Cell Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Differences between bacterial and archaeal phospholipids:

A
  • chirality of glycerol
    – the glycerol used to make archaeal phospholipids is a stereoisomer of the
    glycerol used to build bacterial and eukaryotic membranes
  • linkage (ester vs. ether linkage)
  • side chains (fatty acids vs. isoprenoid chains)
  • branching of side chains
    – different physical structures; can form carbon rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

embedded in or loosely attached to the cell membrane

A

Cell Membrane Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Prokaryotic Cell membrane Functions

A
  • permeability barrier
  • regulate movement of materials into and out of cell
  • contains proteins that transport nutrients into the cells
    and eliminate waste materials
  • synthesizes cell wall components
  • assist with DNA replication (anchors DNA)
  • secretes proteins
  • carries on cell respiration (ATP synthesis)
  • contains bases of flagella
  • proteins respond to chemical substances in the
    environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Transport Systems
1. Rarely used by prokaryotes; no energy expenditure (i.e.
glycerol)
2. Movement is against a concentration gradient; requires energy expenditure
- Uses proton motive force (i.e. lactose and waste products; efflux pumps)
- Uses ATP; extremely high substrate affinity of the periplasmic-binding proteins (i.e. maltose)
3. Chemically alters (phosphotransferase system) a molecule as it passes through the cell membrane; uptake does not affect the concentration gradient (i.e. glucose, mannose, fructose)

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion (Passive transport)
  2. Active transport
    - Major facilitator superfamily
    - ABC transporters
  3. Group Translocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

used to actively move out certain proteins
synthesized by the cell
– i.e. proteins used to make up structures like
flagella; enzymes to break down substances
too large to transport into the cell
– distinguishes proteins based on characteristic
sequence of amino acids that make up one end
(signal sequence)
– uses ATP
– still poorly understood

A

Transport System (SECRETION)
general secretory pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

semifluid substance inside the cell membrane
* 4/5 water + 1/5 dissolved substances (enzymes, proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, salts, vitamins and various inorganic
ions)
* where chemical reactions take place

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Colloidal system of variety of organic
and inorganic solutes in viscous watery
solution

  • No ER and Mitochondria
  • Contains mesosomes, inclusions, and
    vacuoles
A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vesicular, convoluted invaginations of the
plasma membrane
* Prominent in GM+ bacteria
* Principal sites of Respiratory enzymes
* Analogous to mitochondria in Eukaryotes

A

Mesosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

chromosome region

  • gel-like region containing the chromosomes and
    plasmids
A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

single, circular, double-stranded
DNA molecule that contains all
genetic information required by a
cell
* 1 mm long
* 10% of cell’s total volume
– supercoiled chromosomal DNA
* Archaea chromosome: complexed with proteins; resembling histone proteins

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q
  • accessory genetic information
  • circular, supercoiled, double stranded DNA molecules
  • 0.1 – 10% of chromosome size
  • contains hundreds of genes (5-100 genes)
  • can be of many types per cell
  • not required but may provide bacteria
    with genetic advantage
  • may contain genes for antibiotic resistance
    (R), disease production
  • can be transferred and spread to other
    bacterial cells
  • replicate independently from chromosome
A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q
  • sites for protein synthesis
    – protein – 50% of bacterial cell dry weight
    – 90% of cell energy is for protein synthesis
  • the faster the cell is growing, the faster
    proteins are produced, the greater the
    number of ribosomes
  • site for antibiotic action (streptomycin and
    tetracycline)
A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Subunit Ribosome

A

Prokaryotic Ribosome
- 30S; 50S = 70S

Eukaryotic Ribosome
- 60S; 40S = 80S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

contain the pigments used to capture light energy for synthesis of sugars

A

Chromatophores/ chlorosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

convert nitrogen compounds into plant-useable form
– house the enzymes used in deriving energy from
oxidation of nitrogen compounds

A

nitrifying bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q
  • variety of small bodies within
    the cytoplasm
  • storage of materials that are
    later use as source of nutrients
  • reservoir of structural building
    blocks
  • granules; vesicles
A

Inclusion Bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

is responsible for the rigidity of the
bacterial cell wall and for the determination of cell shape

A

Peptidoglycan

55
Q

subunits are covalently joined to
one another to form a glycan chain
* high molecular weight linear chain
* serves as backbone of the peptidoglycan molecule

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

56
Q

characterized by the presence of a very thick peptidoglycan
layer (≈30 layers)
* 20-80 nm thick
* Cell wall contains 90% Peptidoglycan and
10%Teichoic acid
* fully permeable to many substances (sugars, amino
acids, ions)

A

Gram Positive Cell Wall

57
Q

Interwoven in the cell wall of Gram-positive are

A

Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids (covalently bonded to NAM)

58
Q

contains a thin peptidoglycan layer adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane
- also contains an additional outer membrane composed by phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which face into the external environment and periplasmic space

A

Gram Negative Cell Wall

59
Q

Outer Membrane has:
1. specialized channel-forming proteins
– channels for low molecular weight substances
2. translocate proteins produced to the
outside of outer membrane

A
  1. porins
  2. secretion systems
60
Q

The LPS (in outer membrane) present on the Gram negative cell wall consists of 3 regions:

A
  • Polysaccharide determining O antigen
  • Core Polysaccharide
  • Glycolipid portion /Lipid A
61
Q

causes a form of
Septic shock for which there is no
direct treatment.

A

LPS or endotoxin

62
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) PARTS:
- responsible for toxic properties of G-
bacteria (endotoxin)
– anchors the LPS in the bilayer
– composition recognizable by body as
presence of invading bacteria
– small amounts may elicit defense system
response enough to effectively eliminate the
pathogen

A

Lipid A

63
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) PARTS
– side chain portion of LPS directed away from the membrane
– chains of sugar molecules with varying
composition and lengths
– used to identify certain species or strains
– i.e. E. coli O157:H7

A

O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen)

64
Q
  • most observed among G- bacteria, rarely in G+ bacteria
  • gel-like fluid (periplasm) and protein-filled (secreted proteins)
  • very active area of cell metabolism (i.e. nutrient degradation
    and transport)
  • contains
    1. digestive enzymes (destroy potentially harmful substances),
    2. transport proteins (transport metabolites into the bacterial cytoplasm)
A

Periplasmic Space

65
Q

____ constitute for the major surface antigens.

e.g.: In Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram positive) Teichoic acid bears the
antigenic determinants called the ___

A

Teichoic acids; “Forssman antigen”

66
Q

one of the most important sites for attack by antibiotics

compounds that interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan or alters its structural integrity

A

– penicillin
– enzyme lysozyme

67
Q

– interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis
– binds to proteins involved in cell wall synthesis
– prevents cross-linking of glycan chains
– more effective against G+ bacteria
– modified to create derivatives that can pass through
porin channels

A

penicillin

68
Q

(Targeting the Peptidoglycan
– found in many body fluids
– breaks bond between the NAM and NAG molecules

A

lysozyme

69
Q

Differences of Cell Wall gram positive vs. gram negative (LONG PPT)

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Negative
Gram

Positive
Peptidoglycan (thick)
Teichoic acid

70
Q

The Gram staining method, named
after the Danish bacteriologist who
originally devised it in 1882
(published 1884), ___ is one of the most important
staining techniques in microbiology.

A

Hans Christian Gram,

71
Q

reflects fundamental differences in the biochemical and structural properties of bacteria.

A

The Gram reaction

72
Q

Gram Stain
1. Crystal violet
2. Iodine
3. 95% ethanol
4. Safranin

A
  1. Primary stain
  2. Mordant
  3. Decolorizer
  4. Counterstain
73
Q

Mycoplasma species
* variable shape
* have sterols in their cell membranes (stability)

A

Cell Wall-Less Bacteria

74
Q

“Parts of the body that
protrude out from the main
body

A

Appendages; Cell wall appendages

75
Q

a general term for any network of polysaccharide (and small proteins) lying outside the cell.
* bacteria may appear moist and glistening
* thick or thin; flexible or rigid
* few have repeating units of one or two amino
acids (D-amino acids)

A

GLYCOCALYX

76
Q

Glycocalyx Type
1. less discrete structure or matrix which embeds the cell ; diffuse and irregular
2. discrete detectable layer of polysaccharides deposited outside the cell wall; distinct and gelatinous (thicker and more rigid)

A
  1. Slime Layer
  2. Capsule
77
Q

Capsule and slime layers:
In most species, the solid material is a ____
though in some species _____

A

complex polysaccharide
polypeptide or protein

78
Q

Glycocalyx Type
When glycocalyx is tightly bound to the cell wall of
bacteria, it is referred to as capsule. It is gelatinous in
nature and cannot be easily stained and removed from the
bacterial cell wal

A

Capsule

79
Q

The glycocalyx is called “slime layer” if it is loosely bound
to the cell wall of bacteria. Slime layer is irregular and
can easily be removed from the bacterial cell wall.

A

Slime Layer

80
Q

Functions of Glycoclayx

A
  • Virulence factor; Cause disease in their host
  • Protects bacteria from antibiotics, chemicals etc
  • Adherence to surface
  • Avoidance of desiccation
  • In cell-cell recognition
81
Q

some enables bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces and grow as a
- polysaccharide-encased mass of bacteria coating a surface

A

a BIOFILM; streptococcus mutans
- Production of dextran or lactic acid within the biofilm

82
Q

is a sharply defined, organized structure
(e.g.: Pneumococcus)

A

Capsule

83
Q

Some bacterial species are mobile and possess locomotory organelles
- consist of a number of proteins
- responsible for bacterial motility/locomotion (pushes bacterium through liquid)
- spins like a propeller (rotates both clockwise and counterclockwise)

A

Flagella; (protein: flagellin)

84
Q

Flagella
* Found in all motile bacteria except ___
* Flagella are highly ___
* Termed as the ____

A

Spirochetes
antigenic,
‘H’ Antigen.

85
Q

Structure and Arrangement of Flagella
has three basic parts
– twisted but with hollow core
– anchored in cell membrane and cell wall; rings and rod
– wide region at the base of flagella; connects the two parts

A

– filament (flagellin)
– basal body (motor)
– hook

86
Q

Types of Flagellar Arrangement
1. Single flagellum at one pole
2. Tuft of flagella at one pole
3. Flagella at both poles
4.Flagella all over
5. Tuft of flagella at both ends

A

1, Polar/Monotrichous (Vibrio cholerae)
2. Lophotrichous (Spirillum)
3. Amphitrichous (Alkaligenes faecalis)
4. Peritrichous (E.coli)
5. Amphilophotrichous

87
Q

– bacterial behavior in seeking out favorable
environments and avoiding harmful ones

A

taxis

88
Q

taxis
- sense chemicals and move toward regions that contain more nutrients (attractant) and away from regions with
toxic materials (repellant)

A

chemotaxis

89
Q

taxis
-swim to regions that contain favorable concentrations
of dissolved oxygen

A

aerotaxis

90
Q

taxis
- movement to regions of optimal light intensity and
quality

A

phototaxis

91
Q

taxis
- response to Earth’s magnetic field

A

magnetotaxis

92
Q

Flagella are ____ helices, and bundle and rotate together only when _____.
When some of the rotors reverse direction, the flagella unwind and the cell starts ____ (may happen occasionally, leading to the cell seemingly thrashing about in place, resulting in the
reorientation of the cell. )

A

left-handed; rotating counterclockwise.
“tumbling”.

93
Q

is mediated by the activity of hair-like filaments called type
IV pili which extend from the cell’s exterior, bind to surrounding solid substrates and retract, pulling the cell forwards in a manner similar to the action of a grappling hook

A

Twitching

94
Q

Movement on a solid surface. Cells produce, move in slime trails.

A

Gliding Motality

95
Q

Mechanism of sliding motility, the expansion powered by
the pushing force of dividing cells

A

Sliding

96
Q

tiny, hollow projections not involved in movement
* shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella
* made up of pilin proteins
– helical structure around a central hollow core

A

Pili

97
Q

2 types of Pili
1. with adhesins
2. * longer than attachment pili
* DNA transfer from one cell to another

A

attachment pili (fimbriae)
conjugation pili/ sex pili/ F pili

98
Q
  • Hair like surface appendages
  • 0.5-10 nm thick
  • Shorter and thinner than flagella
  • Formed of protein subunits – Pilin
  • Organs of adhesion
  • Forms “Pellicles”
  • Hemagglutination –Clumping of RBCs (Escherichia, Klebsiella)
  • Special type of Fimbriae called sex pili, help in attachment to other bacteria
A

Fimbriae

99
Q
  • Organs of adhesion
  • Forms “Pellicles”
  • Hemagglutination –Clumping of RBCs (Escherichia, Klebsiella)
  • Special type of Fimbriae called sex pili, help in attachment to other bacteria
A

Fimbriae

100
Q
  • similar in structure to fimbriae but are generally longer
  • one or few per cell
  • functions in gene transfer
  • may serve as specific receptors for certain types of
    virus particles
  • some are involved in attachment to human tissues
A

Conjugation Pilus

101
Q
  • resting (dormant) stages of vegetative cells of some bacterial
    species (Bacillus and Clostridium)
  • very resistant to heat and harmful agents (drying, cold, radiation, acids, bases, chemical disinfectants)
  • produced through sporulation
  • spores may remain dormant for 100 years
A

Endospores (SPORES)

102
Q

Endospore Function

A
  • Protection for the bacterial genome
103
Q
  • Dormant cell
  • Resistant to adverse conditions
  • high temperatures
  • organic solvents
  • Produced when starved
  • Contain calcium dipicolinate DPA, Dipicolinic acid
    ⚫ Identification of
    Bacteria
    ⚫ Pathogenesis
    ⚫ Resistance
A

Endospores (spores)

104
Q

Endospores consists of

A

core, cortex, spore coat, exosporium

105
Q

[endospore part]
thin, delicate covering made of protein

A

exposporium

106
Q

[endospore part]
– composed of spore-specific proteins
– “sieve”
– excludes substances such as lysozyme

A

spore coat

107
Q

[endospore part]
– loosely cross-linked peptidoglyan
– maintains core in a dehydrated state
– protects core from effects of heat

A

cortex

108
Q

[endospore part]
– has small, acid-soluble proteins that bind DNA
– contains the core wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, etc.
– rich in ____ acid and ___ ions; partially dehydrated (10-30% water)
– contains core-specific proteins (small acid-soluble spore proteins)
* bind tightly to core DNA and protect it from UV radiation, dessication, dry heat
* carbon and energy source during germination

A

core (spore protoplast)
- dipicolinic acid; calcium

109
Q

In the bacterial endospore
Which may occupy as much as half the spore volume, rests beneath the spore coat.

A

The cortex

110
Q

complex, yet highly ordered sequence of changes that
initiates when cells are grown in low amounts of carbon or
nitrogen
* ≈8 hours

A

Sporulation

111
Q

triggered by brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals

A

Germination

112
Q

A differential staining technique is used to distinguish between the vegetative cells and endospores
- Designed by:

A

The endospore stain; Alice B. Schaeffer and Macdonald fulton

113
Q

: a thin, clear, gel-like
outer layer that acts as a membrane (ectoplasm); and an inner, more watery grainy
mass (endoplasm) containing structures called organelles.

A

Amoeba

114
Q

food synthesis; takes place; & food is stored in the
form of glycogen or protein called ___.

A

in the endoplasm; chromatoidal bodies.

115
Q

envelopes the cell; fxns
as the locomotor apparatus for the
procurement & ingestion of food, in
respiration, discharge of metabolic
wastes & protection of the org.

A

ectoplasm

116
Q

locomotory organelles arising from the
ectoplasm may vary from:
a) numerous short threads
distributed over the surface of the body.
b. false feet; in Amoebae (crawling movement)
c. in flagellates; hair-like projections

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Pseudopodia
  3. Flagella
117
Q

Absorb liquid nutrients from the medium or ingest bacteria & cells at any site of the body surface.

A

PROTOZOANS

118
Q

Protozoans:
Others have specialized cell mouth called ____ usu. located in anterior end of the body.

A

CYTOSTOME

119
Q

Protozoans:
Ciliates have in addition a cell anus or
____ at the posterior end of the body
& through which particulate food wastes
are discharged.

A

CYTOPYGE

120
Q

The typical life stages of protozoans

A

Cyst and trophozoite

121
Q

Is the small reproductive nucleus of ciliate protozoa

A

Micronucleus

122
Q

Is the large non-reproduuctive nucleus of ciliate protozoa

A

Macronucleus

123
Q

are vegetative or feeding forms

A

Trophozoites

124
Q
  • A more or less central body in the vesicular nucleus of
    certain protozoa (for example, trypanosomes, parasitic
    amebae), with the chromatin.
A

Endosome/ Karyosome

125
Q

Flagellate move by help of ___
Example of Flagellates ar: (3)

A

Flagella
- Trypnosoma, Leshmenia (blood pathogen)
- Giardia (intestinal parasite)
- Trichomonas (reproductive tract pathogen)

126
Q

Characteristic features of the stained trophozoite include:

A

1) two nuclei (Nu) with central karyosomes (k),
2) fibrils running the length of the parasite –
axonemes (Ax), and
3) Median Bodies (MB)/ Parabasal bodies

127
Q

The function of the median bodies are
not known, but most believe they are
somehow involved with the
- plays a role in the attachment of the trophozoite to the
intestinal epithelium

A

adhesive disk and its formation.

128
Q

The three major groups of fungi are:

A
  • multicellular filamentous molds
  • macroscopic filamentous fungi that form
    large fruiting bodies. Sometimes the group is
    referred to as ‘mushrooms’
  • single celled microscopic yeasts
129
Q

Structures that help fungi absorb and digest food
1. the body of a typical fungus; consisting of many tiny tubes
2. hyphase tangled into a thick mass

A
  1. Hyphae
  2. Mycelium
130
Q

the first Penicillium fungi
used for the isolation of penicillin antibiotics,
which is used for the treatment of Gram-positive
bacteria. It is also used in the production of
other β-lactam antibiotics

A

Penicillium chrysogenum is also known
as Penicillium notatum

131
Q

are small, lemon-shaped single
cells that are about the same size as
red blood cells. They multiply by
budding a daughter cell off from the
original parent cell

A

Yeasts

132
Q

Structure of Viruses:
1. Protective Shell
2. A lipid containing membrane that surrounds some virus particles

A
  1. Capsid
  2. Envelope
133
Q

Parts of Viruses

A

Fatty Envelope
Capsid Shell
Proteins sticking out of fatty envelope
Instruction booklet genes

MICROBIO LEC (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions