Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry > Mod 4 organic chem > Flashcards

Mod 4 organic chem Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compound containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homologous series

A

family of compounds with similar chemical properties & functional group whose successive members differ by CH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functional groups

A

OH - alcohol (ol)
COOH - carboxyllic acid
C=O in middle ketone (one)
C=O at end aldehyde (al)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of hydrocarbons

A

aliphatic- straight chain
alicyclic- joined in ring structures
aromatic- some or all atoms found in benzene ring (smell nice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

formulae

A

empirical- simplist whole number ratio
general - formula for any homologous group eg CnH2n
displayed formula- drawed version showing all Cs&Hs
structural- writing it as you go along CH3CH2CH3
skeletal - lines without including C OR H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
-branched
-positional (CH3 going on different carbon)
-functional- make different functional group
eg ketone - aldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of bond fission

A

homolytic- when a covalent bond breaks each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared bonded pair of electrons from the bond (forms 2 radicals)
heterolytic- when a covalent bond breaks one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of reaction

A

addition- adding something going from 2 products to 1
elimination- taking something out in a reaction going from 1 to 2 products
substitution- swapping something out for another thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alkanes

A

-sigma bonds
-saturated
-109.5
-CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chain length affect on bp

A

longer the chain the higher the boiling point
-more london forces
-stronger bonds
-harder to overcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

branching effect on bp

A

more branching= lower bp
-less surface area of contact
-weaker london forces
easier to overcome
(branches get in the way preventing the branched molecules getting as close together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reactivity of alkanes

A

C-C & C-H bonds are strong
C-C bonds are non polar
C-H bonds have similar electronegativities that they are considered non - polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

combustion of alkanes

A

complete- plentiful oxygen
incomplete- not enough oxygen (carbon monoxide formed) toxic CO
CH4 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Free radical substitution

A

initiation- UV light causes covalent bond to break by homolytic fission
propagation- chain reaction reacts with radical then reacts with compound (BR2)
termination- 3 equations putting all radicals together to make 3 compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

Hydrogen halide addition
H-Br

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

hydrogenation, adding H2 (nickel catalyst needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alkenes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons
-formula = CnH2n
120 degrees shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sterioisomerism

A

-Same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space
E- egyptian trans
Z- zame zide cis
cis/trans - must have at least 2 hydrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cahn-Ingold-prelog

A

atom with highest atomic number has priority
compete atoms together then can decide if E/Z isomerism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reactivity of alkenes

Study These Flashcards
A

alkenes are MORE reactive than alkanes as alkenes contain pi bonds which is broken more relatively

21
Q

addition reactions of alkenes

Study These Flashcards
A

-hydrogen + (nickel catalyst)
-halogens
-hydrogen halides
-steam in the presence of an acid catalyst (OH)

22
Q

electrophillic addition

Study These Flashcards
A

double bond breaks giving pair of electrons to H
-H then bonds to the compound
-carbocation is formed
-halide (delta neg) reacts with carbocation causing it to join on

23
Q

Markownikoffs rule

Study These Flashcards
A

2 isomers formed
- the carbocations will be either a major or minor
minor = primary/secondary
major = secondary/tertiary

24
Q

carbocation stability

Study These Flashcards
A

stability increases from primary - tertiary
charge is spread out to alkyl groups so more groups more stable

25
examples of polymers
polypropene - childrens toys polystyrene - used for packaging material polytetrafluoroethene - used as coating for non-stick pans
26
disposing polymers
Landfill- dumping ground for waste +waste doesnt need sorted -affects wildlife combustion- burning in O2 +produce power for homes -may produce carbon monoxide
27
types of polymers
biodegradable polymers- break down after its intended purpose -expensive bioplastics- produced from starch, cellulose etc -expensive photodegradable- broken down by light -expensive -no harmful chem produced
28
Haloalkane to alcohol
NaOH (aq) under reflux sodium hydroxide
29
Alcohols
properties - O-H bond is polar -most alcohols soluble in water as they form hydrogen bonds -low volatility -higher boiling points as hydrogen bonds are stronger (harder to overcome)
30
Alcohol to haloalkane
Sodium halide and H2SO4 catalyst
31
dehydration of alcohols
water molecule removed and alkene now made C=C H3PO4 needed
32
classifying alcohols
primary- when the -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to 2 hydrogens secondary - the -OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to 2 alkyl groups and a hydrogen tertiary- when the -OH group is attcahed to 3 alkyl groups
33
Oxidation of primary alcohols
with acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) heated and distilled = aldehyde heated under reflux = carboxyllic acid orange to green
34
oxidation of secondary alcohols
using acidified dichromate oxidised to ketones no further orange to green
35
oxidation of tertiary alcohols
tertiary alcohols do not oxidise acidified dichromate remains orange
36
substitution of alcohols
alcohols react with hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes propan-2-ol + HBr --> C3H7Br + H2O (dehydration)
37
hydrogenation
reaction where hydrogen is added across double bond -alkenes to alkanes double bond breaks then hydrogen takes the pair of electrons and passes them onto the other hydrogen -first hydrogen attaches to make carbocation then carbocation reacts with hydrogen to make alkane CONDITIONS- high temp and nickel catalyst
38
electrophiles & nucleophiles
electrophiles- electron pair acceptors nucleophiles- electron pair donors
39
esterification of alcohols
Carboxylic acid + alcohol -- ester + water OH comes off carboxylic acid & H comes off alcohol to make H2O -alkyl chain (from alcohol) -oate from carboxylic acid COOCH3
40
Heating under reflux
round bottom flask condenser rubber tubing stand and clamp heat source
41
Spectroscopy
Used to identify the molecular mass of an organic compound and to gain further information about its structure
42
what are fragment ions
when in mass spectrometer it loses electrons forming positive ions -detects the mass to charge ratio (m/z)
43
types of fragment ions
CH3+ = 15 C2H5+ = 29 C3H7+ = 43 OH- = 17 CH3CH2O+ = 45
44
Mr from a mass spectra graph
The furthest line to the right except the very small one that will be carbon-13 so doesn't count
45
Calculating carbon atoms
height of M+1 peak / height of M peak (x100)
46
wavelength numbers
haloalkanes = 500-800 alkanes = 750-1100 alkenes = 1630-1680 C=O bond = 1630-1820 (1700) carboxylic acids = 2500-3300 (broad) and sharp dip alcohols = 3200-3600 broad round shape
47
application of infrared spectroscopy
alcohol breathalyser analyse vehicle emissions (carbon monoxide etc)
48
Ozone layer
found at the outer edge of the stratosphere varies from 10-40km above earths surface O3 layer -CFCs deplete the ozone layer
49
CFCs uses
In refrigerants, air conditioning units and as aerosol propellants

Chemistry (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions