MOD 5

Question 1

wts a carbonyl compound

Answer 1

has c double bond o so aldehydes and ketones

Question 2

wt does aldehyde look like

Answer 2

oh group at end of chain

Question 3

wt does ketone look like

Answer 3

oh group middle of chain

Question 4

how do u increase chain length of carbonyl / MAKE HYDROXYNITRILE

Answer 4

add NACN and dilute h2so4

Question 5

what mechanism to form hydroxynitrile

Answer 5

• nucleophilic addition

Question 6

tests for carbonyls

Answer 6

• 2-4DNP first to identify carboys shld see orange precip
• then tollens reagent to distinguish between aldehyde and ketone
• tollens reagent mixed w aq ammonia and river nitrate heat
• if aldehyde presnt silver mirror forms

Question 7

how to go from carbonyl to primary alcohol

Answer 7

• reduction {H}. NABH4 in ethanol (aq)
• aldehyde turns to primary OH
• ketone- secondary OH

Question 8

how to make carbonyl

Answer 8

• oxidation {O} k2cr2o7 H2so4 reflux
• aldehyde turns to COOH

-aldehydes also oxidised by tollens making silver ions reduced to silver atoms

Question 9

how do u name hydroxynitrile

Answer 9

• CN becomes part of main chain
• so e.g hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile

Question 10

solubility in cooh

Answer 10

• COOH up to 4 carbons r soluble in h2o due to h bonds formation
• as chain increases non polar carbon chain has more affect than polar OH

Question 11

• wt r 2 types of acid reactions of COOH

Answer 11

• redox w metals
• neutralisation w bases

Question 12

how to name carboxylate salts

Answer 12

• change oic in cooh salt to oate

Question 13

how to make salt from COOH and metal

Answer 13

COOH + metal > salt + hydrogen

Question 14

cooh + alkali (metal ox)

Answer 14

salt + water

Question 15

cooh + carbonate

Answer 15

salt + water + co2

Question 16

test for COOH

Answer 16

SOLID Na2CO3/ NaHCO3 (aq)
to COOH

COOH produced

Question 17

COOH + alcohol

Answer 17

reversible ester + water

USE STRONG H2SO4

Question 18

acid anhydride + alcohol

Answer 18

ester made

Question 19

how to name ester

Answer 19

• remove oic from parent COOH chain and replace w oate
• e.g. methyl ethanoate

Question 20

naming acyl chloride

Answer 20

• remove oic acid suffix replace w oyl chloride

Question 21

wt does acyl chloride look like

Answer 21

like COOH but H is replaced w Cl

Question 22

wt does acid anhydride

Answer 22

• 2 COOH but no water so join o w two bonds

Question 23

hydrolysis SALT + WATER

Answer 23

reversible COOH + alcohol

• use DILUTE HCK abd heat under reflux

Question 24

hydrolysis of salt + NaOH ?

Answer 24

• COOH salt anion COOH. + CH3oh
• dilute NAOH heat under reflux

Question 25

acyl chl + water

Answer 25

makes COOH + HCL - observation steamy white fumes coz ofHCL

Question 26

acyl chl + alcohol

Answer 26

ester made + HCL - observation steamy white fumes coz ofHCL

Question 27

acyl chl + 2NH3

Answer 27

primary amide + NH4CL - add ammonia cl knocked off and H on alcohol new bond formed w o of alcohol

Question 28

acyl chl + primary amine

Answer 28

sec0ndary amine + cl idk

Question 29

acyl chl + phenol

Answer 29

ester + HCL new bond H knocked off