Mod. 7 Inq. 1

Question 1

Health Definition

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, emotional and social wellbeing

Question 2

Disease Definition

Answer 2

any condition that adversely (negatively) affects the function of any part of a living thing.

Question 3

What are infectious diseases

Answer 3

caused by pathogenic. Diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

Question 4

What are non-infectious diseases?

Answer 4

-not caused by pathogens
- not contagious

Question 5

What is a pathogen?

Answer 5

An organism that causes a disease, which can be transmitted from person to person.

Question 6

What are bacteria as pathogens?

Answer 6

• microscopic living organisms
• Prokaryotes
• Grow and reproduce rapidly in good conditions

Question 7

Examples of bacteria

Answer 7

• Salmonella
• Tonsilitis
• Pink eye

Question 8

What are protozoa/protists as pathogens

Answer 8

• microscopic single-celled organisms with internal membranes
• Eukaryotes

Question 9

Examples of protozoa/protists

Answer 9

• malaria
• cryptosporidium

Question 10

What are fungi as pathogens

Answer 10

• some are unicellular organisms such as yeast and mould, others consist of long branching threads
• Eukaryotes

Question 11

Examples of fungi

Answer 11

ringworm
tinea
thrush

Question 12

What are viruses as pathogens

Answer 12

• consist of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein, live inside living cells
• they are so small that they cannot be seen with a light microscope
• hijack your cells and force it to make more and more virus until it explodes
• very hard to kill because they are non-living

Question 13

Examples of viruses

Answer 13

• cold sores
• Ebola
• flu

Question 14

What are parasites as pathogens

Answer 14

• a multicellular organism (eukaryotic) which lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense

Question 15

Examples of parasites

Answer 15

• tick
• tape worm
• flea

Question 16

What are prions as pathogens?

Answer 16

• these are proteins produces in the brain. All adult vertebrate animals produce them, and they are harmless in their normal form. It is only when they fold into an abnormal structure that they can cause disease.
• These affect the nervous

Question 17

Examples of prions

Answer 17

Mad cow disease

Question 18

What are forms of direct transmission

Answer 18

• touching
• sexual contact
• kissing
• biting
• blood contact

Question 19

What are forms of indirect transmission?

Answer 19

• airborne transmission
• touching infected surfaces
• contaminated food or water
• infected surgical instruments
• vector transmission

Question 20

Vector transmission

Answer 20

• Vectors carry the pathogens
• pathogen is injected into the host by the vector

Question 21

Examples of Vector Transmission

Answer 21

• Malaria caused by a protist parasite
• Bubonic plague (black death) in the guts if rat fleas

Question 22

What is an epidemic

Answer 22

when the number of people infected with a disease is higher than usual. Occurs when the occurrence of the disease in an area suuddenly increases among the population.

Question 23

What is a pandemic?

Answer 23

if the disease occurrence increase at a global level and across continents

Question 24

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 24

suggested life could come into existence from non-living matter.

Question 25

Louis Pasteur experiment and findings

Answer 25

- swan neck flasks - one broken neck only broken neck flask grows microbes - disproved spontaneous generation - supports germ theory

Question 26

Robert Koch experiment and findings

Answer 26

- extracted anthrax from sheep and injected the grown colonies into healthy mice - the mice developed anthrax - it showed link from disease to a causative agent

Question 27

Koch's Postulates

Answer 27

1. suspected causative agents absent from all healthy organisms, and present in all diseased organisms 2. must be isolated and grown in a pure culture 3. must cause the same disease when inoculated in healthy host 4. same agent must be re-isolated from inoculated host

Question 28

Why are infectious diseases becoming an increasing threat to the agricultural industry?

Answer 28

- resistance to herbicides/pesticides - can't kill viruses - monocultures - decreasing genetic diversity - increasing human population - intensive agriculture - climate change

Question 29

What does the pathogen need to do to cause a disease?

Answer 29

- enter host tissue - resist host immune system - damage the host

Question 30

Viral adaptations

Answer 30

- need to enter the host cell nucleus for reproduction - viral surface proteins can adhere to host cell surface receptors - this triggers endocytosis

Question 31

Bacterial Adaptations

Answer 31

- have specialised structures to help them attach called fimbriae and pili helps resist the washing action of secretions such as mucous and urine - clump together in colonies to produce a biofilm which adds extra protection against the host's chemicals

Question 32

Protist adaptations

Answer 32

- parasite protists possess a variety of methods to invade host cells

Question 33

Fungal adaptations

Answer 33

- have specialised attachment structures to help with adhesion - can produce capsules to help protect them from host exposure - can produce heat shock proteins to cope with increase in body temperature

Question 34

Macro Parasite Adaptations

Answer 34

- need to attach to a host and resist removal - have highly specialised mouth parts secrete chemicals that prevent an immune response - E.g. ticks