MOD E Tech 52 Introduction to Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

•It examines whether a drug is getting to its site of action through the processes of:

Answer 1

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to the drug

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Whatever the route of administration, a drug must be absorbed across different cell membranes

Question 4

First Pass Metabolism

Answer 4

Question 5

•Pharmacology may be described as the study of chemicals or drugs that interact with the human body. This interaction can be described in two ways:

Answer 5

•Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to drugs

•

•Pharmacodynamics – what drugs do to the body

Question 6

Drug Routes

Answer 6

–Transdermal

–Oral

–Buccal/Sublingual

–Rectal (PR)

–Intramuscular/Subcutaneous

–Inhaled/nebulised

–Intranasal

–Intravenous

–Intraosseous

Question 7

•State, using reference material, the actions of the following drugs:

Answer 7

1. Adrenaline 1:1000
2. Aspirin
3. Glyceryl Trinitrate
4. Glucagon
5. Glucose Oral Gel
6. Salbutamol
7. Atrovent
8. Narcan
9. Paracetamol Suspension

Question 8

Glyceryl Trinitrate

Answer 8

A potent vasodilator resulting in:•
•Dilation of coronary arteries/relief of coronary spasm

• Dilation of systemic veins reulting in lowered pre-load
• Reduced blood pressure
• Indicated for cardiac chest pain and acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

Question 9

Ibuprofen

Answer 9

• Analgesic (pain relieving), antipyretic (temperature reducing) and anti-inflammatory (soft tissue injury) drug.
• NSAIDS suppress pain, swelling and increased blood flow associated with inflammation

Question 10

Other Sites of Drug Action

Answer 10

Question 11

Glucagon

Answer 11

•Glucagon is a hormone that induces conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, thereby raising the blood glucose level

•

•Indicated for use in hypoglycaemia where blood glucose <4.0 mml/l or if hypoglycaemia suspected and oral glucose administration is not possible

Question 12

Paracetamol

Answer 12

•Analgesic (pain relieving) and antipyretic (temperature reducing) drug.

•

•Indicated for relief of mild to moderate pain and/or high temperature

Question 13

•Identify the different route/methods of drug administration

•

•Which method produces the quickest effect?

Answer 13

Question 14

Nsaids

Answer 14

non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 15

Adrenaline 1:1000

Answer 15

• Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic that stimulates both alpha (α) and beta (β) adrenergic receptors.
• Enhances myocardial and cerebral blood flow during CPR
• Reverses allergic manifestations of acute anaphylaxsis
• Releives bronchospasm in acute severe asthma

Question 16

Nerve Agent Antidote Kit

Answer 16

Question 17

Drug Distribution

Answer 17

Question 18

Drug Metabolism

Answer 18

Question 19

Tech drugs

Answer 19

Question 20

Receptors

Answer 20

Question 21

(ADME)

Answer 21

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion

Question 22

Receptors

Answer 22

• “Lock and Key”
• Drugs can be the same chemical shape as naturally occurring ligands
• They can act in three ways:

•

1.Agonist

Binds to receptors and produces an effect

2.Antagonist

Binds to receptors and stops an effect

3.Partial Agonist

Binds to receptors and produces a partial effect, but stops the binding of a “full agonist”

Question 23

Medicine Management Policy

Answer 23

Question 24

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 24

4 main sites of drug action:

1. Receptors (α, β, μ etc…)
2. Enzymes
3. Ion Channels

4Carriers

Question 25

Atrovent (Ipratropium Bromide)

Answer 25

•Ipratropium Bromide is an antimuscarinic bronchodilator. ***_Indications_*** •Acute severe or life threatening asthma • •Acute asthma unresponsive to salbutamol • •Exacerbation of COPD, unresponsive to salbutamol

Question 26

Aspirin

Answer 26

•Has an anti-platelet action which reduces clot formation • •Analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory • •Used for adults with clinical or ECG evidence of myocardial infarction or ischaemia

Question 27

Salbutamol

Answer 27

* Salbutamol is a selective beta 2 (β2) adrenoreceptor stimulant drug. * This has a relaxant effect on the smooth muscle in the medium and smaller airways, which are in spasm in acute asthma attacks. • ***_Indications_*** * Acute asthma when normal inhaler therapy has failed to relieve symptoms * Expiratory wheezing associated with allergy, anaphylaxis, other lower airway cause * Exacerbation of COPD * Shortness of breath due to LVF

Question 28

Excretion

Answer 28

Question 29

Define the term Pharmacology

Answer 29

Pharmacology the science of the nature and preparation of drugs and particularly of their effects on the body. (Bailliere’s Nurse’s Dictionary 23rd ed.) OR Pharmacology may be described as the study of chemicals or drugs that interact with the human body. (IHCD Paramedic Training Manual Section 10, Drugs and Pharmacology)

Question 30

Receptors

Answer 30

Question 31

Narcan (Naloxone Hydrochloride)

Answer 31

•Narcan antagonises the effects of opioid drugs. It is an antagonist. Indications •Respiratory depression, depression of cardiovascular system and central nervous system depression associated with opioid overdose

Question 32

Glucogel (Hypostop, Glucose 40% Gel)

Answer 32

•Rapid absorption through the buccal mucosa resulting in a rapid increase in blood glucose levels. • •Indicated in hypoglycaemia in a patient with sufficient level of consciousness for there to be no risk of choking or aspiration