Mod.A. Bio Lec12: Hypoglycemia

Question 1

Insulin: (decrease and increase)

Answer 1

Decreases:
↓ Glycogenolysis
↓ Gluconeogenesis
↓ Ketogenesis
↓ Lipolysis

Increases:
Glucose uptake
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis 
Lipogenesis

Question 2

Glucagon and Epinephrine:

Answer 2

Increase:
↑ Glycogenolysis
↑ Gluconeogenesis
↑ Ketogenesis
↑ Lipolysis

Question 3

Brain fuel is

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

When blood glucose is high, how does the body absorb it ?

Answer 4

• glucose is transported to pancreas by GLUT2
• pancreas secretes insulin from b cells
• insulin binds to cell and sends a cascade to GLUT4 to come to the membrane and take glucose from blood.

Question 5

What is the insulin dependent transporter ?

Answer 5

GLUT4

Question 6

GLUT1

Answer 6

• red blood cell, brain, kidney

- Glucose uptake

Question 7

GLUT2

Answer 7

• Liver, pancreas β-cell, contra-luminal membrane of intestinal cells
• uptake/ release of
  glucose, galactose and fructose.

Question 8

GLUT3

Answer 8

• Brain, kidney

- glucose uptake

Question 9

GLUT4

Answer 9

Uptake of glucose by muscles, heart and adipose tissues

Question 10

GLUT5

Answer 10

Small intestine

-fructose absorption

Question 11

what is the sodium dependent transporter ?

Answer 11

SGLT1

Question 12

SGLT1

Answer 12

Found in
Small intestine
- renal tubules

نوع السكر الذي يمتصه
glucose
and galactose.

• energy is derived from Na+ - K+ pump

Question 13

Hypoglycemia stimulates:

Answer 13

Receptors in the pancreas:

with release glucagon.

Hypothalamic glucoreceptors can trigger:

the autonomic nervous system: secretion of EPINEPHIRNE

release of ACTH, that stimulate cortisone release

the anterior pituitary: release growth hormone

Question 14

Definition of Hypoglycemia

Answer 14

known as low blood sugar,
is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels
(<4.0 mmol/L) or (<70 mg/dL)

Question 15

Symptoms of hypoglycemia (2 types)

Answer 15

Neuroglycopenic - خصائصها : gradual decline of Glucose affecting brain

Difficulty concentrating

Confusion ارتباك

Weakness

Drowsiness نعاس

Vision changes

Difficulty speaking
(slurred speech )ثقل اللسان

Headache

Dizziness

Neurogenic (autonomicلا إرادي ) خصائصها : abruptly فجأة decline of Glucose → Epinephrine release

Trembling رعشة

Palpitations خفقان

Sweating

Anxiety قلق

Hunger

Nausea

Tingling تنميل

Question 16

Types of Hypoglycemia (3)

Answer 16

Insulin-induced:
In patients with DM who are receiving insulin treatment

Postprandial:
exaggerated insulin release following a meal
hyperinsulinemia.

Fasting:
in patients with hepatocellular damage or adrenal insufficiency

Question 17

Which hypoglycemia type is the most serious ?

Answer 17

Insulin Induced

Question 18

The most common cause of hypoglycemia

Answer 18

is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin and sulfonylureas

Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than
usual, or have drunk alcohol