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Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Convection

A

Gain or loss of heat from air or water moving in a constant motion across the body
Thermal agent is in motion
Capable of transferring large amounts of heat

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2
Q

Modalities using convection

A

Fluidotherapy

Whirlpool

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3
Q

Conversion

A

Heating from a nonthermal energy being absorbed into tissue and transforming into heat
Rate is determined by power of energy source
Does not require direct contact, but does need a coupling agent

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4
Q

Modalities using conversion

A

Diathermy

US

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5
Q

Radiation

A

Direct transfer of heat from a radiation source of higher temp to one of cooler temp
A temp difference must occur without direct contact
Rate is influenced by: intensity and size of energy source, target area, angle of radiation, distance between

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6
Q

Modalities that use radiation

A

Infrared
Last
UV

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7
Q

Conduction

A

Gain or loss of heat from direct contact of two materials of different temperatures
Conducted from higher temp material to lower
Continues until two materials are equal
Rate accelerates with large temp difference, height thermal conductivity.

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8
Q

Modalities using conduction

A 
Hot pack
Cold pack
Ice massage
Cryo cuff 
Paraffin
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8
Q

Cryotherapy therapeutic effects

A 
Decreased blood flow
Decreased edema
Decreased local temp
Decreased metabolic rate
Decreased nerve conduction
Decreased tone
Increased pain threshold
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10
Q

Cryotherapy contraindications

A 
Cold intolerance 
Infection
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over regenerating peripheral nerves
Peripheral vascular disease
Raynaud's phenomenon
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11
Q

Therapeutic effects of heat

A 
Decreased muscle spasm 
Decreased tone
Increased blood flow
Increased capillary permeability 
Increased ROM
Increased local tissue temp
Increased metabolic rate
Increased nerve conduction
Increased pain threshold
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12
Q

Contraindications of heat

A 
Acute trauma
Arterial disease
Bleeding or hemorrhage
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over an area of malignancy
Peripheral vascular disease
Thrombophlebitis
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13
Q

Indications for US

A 
Acute and chronic conditions
Calcium deposits
Chronic inflammation
Delayed soft tissue healing
Dermal ulcers
Contractures
Muscle spasms
Trigger points
Pain
Scar tissue
Tissue regeneration
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14
Q

Contraindications for US

A 
Decreased sensation
Decreased circulation/vascular insufficiency 
DVT
Infection
Malignancy
Thrombophlebitis
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15
Q

Thermal Effects of US

A 
Acceleration of metabolic rate
Modulation of pain
Decreased muscle spasm
Decreased joint stiffness
Increased circulation
Increased soft tissue extensibility
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16
Q

Nonthermal effects of US

A

Increased membrane permeability
Increased intracellular calcium
Facilitates tissue repair

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17
Q

1 MHz

A

Deeper tissues

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18
Q

3 MHz

A

Superficial tissues

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19
Q

Continuous ultrasound

A

Thermal effects

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20
Q

Pulsed ultrasound

A

Nonthermal effects

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21
Q

Water temp of 32 to 79°F

A

Acute inflammation of distal extremities

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22
Q

Water temp of 79 to 92°F

A

Exercise

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23
Q

Water temp of 92 to 96°F

A

Wound care, spasticity

24
Q

Water temp of 96 to 98°F

A

Treatment of burns

25
Water temp of 99 to 104°F
Pain management
26
Water temp of 104 to 110°F
Chronic RA, OA, increased range of motion
27
Therapeutic effects of traction
``` Decreased disk protrusion decreased pain Increase joint mobility Increase muscle relaxation Increased soft tissue elasticity Promote arterial, the venous, and lymphatic flow ```
28
Indications for traction
``` Disc herniation Joint hypomobility Muscle guarding Muscle spasm Narrowing of intervertebral foramen Osteophyte formation Nerve root impingement Sub acute pain Subacute joint inflammation ```
29
Contraindications for traction
``` Acute inflammation Aortic aneurysm Osteoporosis Dislocation, fracture, subluxation Hiatal hernia ```
30
Lumbar traction position
Supine=flexed spine, greater separation of posterior structures (facet joints, intervertebral foramen). Spinal stenosis Prone=extended position of the fine, greater separation of anterior structures (disc spaces) Disc herniation
31
Lumbar Traction Forces
Max of 30lbs for initial treatment 25% of BW to stretch soft tissue, treat spasm, and disc protrusion 50% for actual separation of vertebrae
32
Cervical traction flexion
Upper cervical spine : 0-5 degrees Mid cervical spine: 10-20 degrees Lower cervical spine: 25-35 degrees
33
Cervical traction forces
Up to 10 lbs for initial treatment 7-10% of BW (11-15 lbs) for stretch, treat spasm, disc protrusion 13-20% of BW (20-30lbs) for joint distraction Should not exceed 30 lbs
34
Therapeutic effects of electrotherapy
``` Decreased edema Decreased pain Decrease spasm Increase local circulation Increase range of motion Eliminate disuse atrophy facilitate wound healing and bone repair Muscle reeducation and strengthening ```
35
Contraindications for electrotherapy
``` Cardiac arrhythmia or pacemaker Malignancy Osteomyelitis Patient with bladder stimulator Phlebitis Seizure disorders ```
36
Indications for electrotherapy
``` Bells palsy Decreased range of motion Facial neuropathy Fracture Idiopathic scoliosis Joint effusion Muscle atrophy, spasm, weakness Wound Pain Stress incontinence Shoulder subluxation ```
39
Small electrodes
Increased current density and impedance | Decreased current flow
40
Large electrodes
Decreased current density and impedance | Increased current flow
41
Proximity of electrodes
Closer together, superficial tissues | Farther apart, deeper tissues
42
Bipolar technique
To active electrodes over target area Electrodes equal in size Used for weakness, neuromuscular facilitation, spasms, range of motion
44
Amplitude
Measured as intensity or voltage Maximum positive or negative point from zero Must be large enough to exceed threshold for nerve nerve or muscle
45
Frequency
The number of pulses per second | Affect the number of action potentials during stimulation
46
NMES
Used for skeletal muscle activity Amplitude dependent on strength of contraction High pulse duration As pulse duration shortened greater amplitude required for same contraction Frequency of 35 to 50 pulses per second Tetanic contraction
47
TENS
Used for acute and chronic pain | Pain relief through gate control theory
48
Conventional TENS
Short duration, high-frequency, low amplitude 50 to 100, 30 to 150, Sensory response Mild tingling Pain relief is brief and only when current is generated
49
Acupuncture like TENS
Long duration, low-frequency, moderate amplitude 100 to 300, 2 to 4, muscle twitching Uncomfortable, burning Pain relief for several hours after
50
IFC
Pain relief, increased circulation, muscle stimulation | Intersection of currents, producing higher amplitude in same phase and lower amplitude in opposite phases
51
Iontophoresis
Like charges repel Dosage=amplitude x time Decrease chance of burn by increasing cathode size, decreasing current density, increasing space between electrodes
52
Monopolar technique
Active electrode over target area, disburse of electrode away from target area Active electrode smaller than dispersive Used for wounds, iontophoresis, edema
53
Fibrillations
LMN disease
54
Positive sharp wave
Denervated muscle disorders at rest
55
Fasiculations
Irritation/degeneration of anterior horn cell Nerve root compression Muscle spasms
56
Repetitive discharges
Myopathies | Lesion of anterior horn cell and peripheral nerves
57
Biofeedback
High sensitivity=small amount of electrical activity | Low sensitivity=large amounts of electrical activity
58
Muscle relaxation
High sensitivity Electrodes close together initially With improvement farther apart and increased sensitivity Decrease in feedback is positive
59
Muscle reeducation
Low sensitivity | Increase in feedback is positive

Equipment (3 decks)

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