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Study Leave semester 2 year 1 > Mode Stress > Flashcards

Mode Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Emphysema is the increase in size of the airspaces in alveoli (resp bronchioles too but NIT terminal bronchioles) due to what

A

Dilatation and destruction of their walls

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2
Q

How does emphysema cause obstruction

A

Through air trappung

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3
Q

Is it restrictive or obstructive that’s characterised by difficulty getting air in

A

R

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4
Q

Inter is o or r

A

R
Stiffness of lung tissue

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5
Q

Shortness of breath could lead to difficulty in exhaling air

A

T

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6
Q

Air will remain inside the lung after full expiration for o

A

Yh

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7
Q

Long term oxygen therapy when?

A

PaO2 of <7.3
Doesn’t matter if they have additional features it not

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8
Q

If chronic hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral oedema, nocturnal worsening of hypoxia, at what time is long term oxygen therapy offered?

A

PAO2 <8

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9
Q

How many people develop COPD

A

Less than half of long term smokers

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10
Q

What likely causes the development of childhood asthma?

A

Underlying abnormality in the epithelium

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11
Q

Peripheral eosinophilia is not diagnostic of asthma, but it is suggestive atopy

A

Yes

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12
Q

What’s related to atopy

A

Asthma
Eczema
Hay fever
Allergic rhinitis

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13
Q

Important t to take history and full examination before diagnosing with asthma

A

No
Examination findings are probs normal
Diagnosis is from the history!!

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14
Q

A child under 5 hasn’t got the usual lose dose unglazed corticosteroid, instead they have:

A

Leukotriene receptor agonist

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15
Q

What’s ipratropium bromide?

A

Muscarinic antagonist
(saba?)
Works by relaxing the smooth muscle of the airways

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16
Q

Bronchial asthma hasn’t got reduced resp drive

A

Yah

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17
Q

What’s pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs, caused by infection

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18
Q

Diarrhoea and vomiting is a feature of atypical pneumonia

A

Yes
Also headache
Myalgia (muscle ache)
Dry cough

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19
Q

Wheeze is uncommon in bacterial lower resp tract infection

A

True

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20
Q

Signs for bacterial lower resp. Tract infections are:

A

Dullness to percussion
Crepitations
Bronchial breath sounds
Fever
Cough

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21
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia is associated with what

A

Cystic fibrosis and other bronchiectatic disease

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22
Q

Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna covid vaccine uses what virus

A

mRNA

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23
Q

AstraZeneca uses what vaccine

A

Attenuated SARS-COV2

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24
Q

The resp. tract is protected by free moving what

A

Macrophages

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator

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25
Q

Pulmonary TB is at the Alice’s

A

True

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26
Q

During normal tidal breathing, where does air go

A

More air go to the apex than the base of the kings

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27
Q

Pulmonary TB will often give a positive Acid Alcohol Fast Bacilli smear

A

True dat
But not all positive AAFC tests are TB, and a negative AAFV smear does not rule out TB

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28
Q

Is the hyper inflammatory phase of COVID-19 a norma physiological host response to infection

A

No
It’s a severe response

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29
Q

What happens in the hyper inflammatory phase of covid ?

A

A cascade of pro-inflammatory molecules (cytokine storm) leads to uncontrolled inflammation

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30
Q

Bronchitis is a recurrent illness

A

Recurrent cycles yah

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31
Q

Lung consolidation results in increase in vocal resonance

A

Yah

32
Q

Epiglottis is what infection

A

Haemophilia influenzae

33
Q

What’s the differential diagnosis for sore throat??? With purulent exudate and tonsillitis????

A

Epstein-Barr virus/ glandular fever

34
Q

What happens if you give some one with Epstein Barr (EBV) / glandular fever amoxicillin

A

You give them a rash

35
Q

What do you give to someone with streptococcal throat infection instead of amoxicillin

A

Penicillin if antibiotics are required

36
Q

Pneumonia is an infected where

A

Within the alveolar air spaces

37
Q

Why is there consolidation in pneumonia

A

Because of bacteria and inflammatory cellular debris

38
Q

People with neuromuscular disorders are at higher risk of opportunistic infections

A

True dat

39
Q

PET/CT shows metabolic activity of a lesion

A

True

40
Q

Smoking increases risk of bladder cancer

A

Y

41
Q

Following pneumonectomy, the patient will have an air filled cavity for the rest of thei life

A

False- resected king will fill with fkuid

42
Q

Hornets syndrome = compression of the sympathetic trunk

A
43
Q

When do effusions require drainage?

A

When the pH is low (suggesting empyema)

44
Q

Can many pleural effusions be resorbed?

A

Yes
They could be managed by treating underlying cause

45
Q

15 years after stopping smoking, heart attack risk returns to that of a never smoker

A

Yes

46
Q

What’s radical treatment

A

Given with the intent to cure the xancer

47
Q

Radiotherapy can be used to treat the symptoms of lung cancer

A

True

48
Q

Adenocarcinoma = bronchioalveolar epithelial stem cells, transform and undergo what

A

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, developing into adenocarcinoma in situ

49
Q

Bronchiectasis isn’t a side effect of radiotherapy for lung cancer

A

True

50
Q

Side effects of radiotherapy for lung cancer include what

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Oesophagitis
Ulceration
Burning to skin
Pericarditis

51
Q

10% of smokers will develop lung cancer

A

True

52
Q

Lights criteria: exudate

Pleural fluid protein/serum protein > 0.5
Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH > 0.6
Pleural fluid LDH > 2/3 the upper limit of the lab reference range for serum LDH

A

Yah

53
Q

Pleural effusion secondary to cancer or pneumonia is what most likely

A

It’s exudative

54
Q

What’s tracheomalacia

A

It’s collapse of airway while breathing
Baby

55
Q

A pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity) leads to a slight outward shift in the chest wall

A

Yes- remember, parietal pleura is attached to chest wall

Equilibrium between elastic lung recoil, and elastic chest wall expansion is lost- lungs recoil and chest wall expands

56
Q

What happens in an increase in action potentials from phrenic?

A

Inspiration

57
Q

Lung compliance is what

A

Magnitude of change in lung volume produced by a given change in trans pulmonary pressure

58
Q

Both peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated by an increase in blood acidity (⬆️ H+)
What’s the only difference then?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors are less picky. They’ll react to any increase in H+. Whereas central chemoreceptors are only stimulated by increase in H+ as a result of CO2.

59
Q

Do central chemoreceptors respond to an increase in CO2?

A

Yes
ARTERIAL CO2, and arterial pH too.
They respond to decrease in pH = increase jn acidity.

60
Q

Would gas exchange ever occur in the distal parts of the bronchioles?

A

Yes
And alveoli mainly tbo

61
Q

Oxygen d curve shift to right =? (2)

A

Decrease in haemoglobin affinity
Decrease in oxygen content in blood

62
Q

Vital capacity =

A

Total max exhaled after total max inhaled

63
Q

Hyperventilation = curve left or right?

A

Left = decrease in CO2
And up H+

64
Q

Low affinity for O2 is where on the graph

A

Left

65
Q

Where in the dissociation curve is the lungs?

A

Right- high affinity
So low affinity on left, high affinity on the right

66
Q

Presence of CO = shift where?

A

To the left

67
Q

Left shift results from what:
Temp
CO2
H+ /ph
CO

A

Decrease in temp
Decrease in CO2
Decrease in H+ ions/ increase in pH (cuz decrease in CO2)

68
Q

Right shift results from what changes to these:
Temp
CO2
H+

A

Increase in temp
Increase in CO2
Decrease in pH, increase in H+

69
Q

Right/left = increase or decrease in oxygen affinity?

A

Right = decreased oxygen affinity therefore more oxygen available
Left = increased oxygen affinity therefore less oxygen available

70
Q

The pleural cavity is a space that lies where

A

Between the lungs and the chest wall

71
Q

What’s anaemia really , and affects haemoglobin vs plasma

A

Fall in total blood oxygen content

RBC’s can’t carry as much oxygen, but they are still saturated. (Most oxygen carried by haemoglobin in blood cells, like 95%).

Plasma content unaffected, cuz the lack of oxygen is due to haemoglobin being able to carry less, plasma is still there though.

72
Q

Hyperventilation wouldn’t compensate for metabolic alkalosis, why?

A

Hyper = blow off more CO2, = more alkaline, as less CO2 = reduction in H+ formation

73
Q

Why if you blow off extra CO2, = H+ formation reduced?

A

Because of how CO2 is carried in the body we

74
Q

True or false
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in levels of O2 in solution

A

True

Whereas anaemia is a problem is a decrease in oxygen binding capacity.
Plasma is unaffected, haemoglobin still saturated

75
Q

Alkalosis/increase in pH = what affinity, therefore, what happens to saturation

A

Alkalosis = increase in pH
Increase affinity
= increase in saturation

People on acid don’t think right, and therefore give up there haemoglobin, less affinity, so decrease saturation

76
Q

Spirometry is what

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled

Study Leave semester 2 year 1 (9 decks)

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