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Model Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Reductionism means to

A

go down and specify so instead of looking at an organism you’d look at the genes

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2
Q

Mechanistic means that

A

ur not using the right phenomena and not reductionist enough so go down. not exactly relaistic cuz u need other processes for a lot stuff to work

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3
Q

What is the most commonly uses animal model

A

Rodents, predominantly mice

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4
Q

Mouse scientific name

A

Mus musculus

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5
Q

Who was an important and under recognized mouse fancier

A

Abbie Lathrop, generated many of the well known inbred mouse strains

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6
Q

Why are mice inbred?

A

To achieve consistency

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7
Q

Rodents as a comparative research model means

A

the use of one species to understand the processes a another

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8
Q

Why use rodents as the gold standard? 6

A

Similar anatomy physiology

Share 95% of genes with humans

fully sequenced genes

Can do knock-out models

Economic

Breeding is easy

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9
Q

Rats are

A

much larger than mice making stuff like surgery easier

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10
Q

Rats are easier to do

A

much larger than mice making stuff social/psych studies on cuz they’re friendly but mice are scared surgery easier

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11
Q

The three Rs

A

Replacement: Using a lower level organism (flies instead of mice)

Reduction: Reducing the amount used, someone uses the stomach another uses the brain

Refinement: minimizing pain / distress so environmental stuff and human euthanization

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12
Q

Rodent house misconceptions so they’re actually

A

very well kept they have food and water and live comfertably

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13
Q
  • mouse is one of th emost comonly used
A

db/db and has a leptin receptor deletion (get fat, no stop signalling), but their sterile

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14
Q

the Ms4a3xAi14 model is flurescently tagged and

A

the monocytes from bone marrow will fluoresce

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15
Q

The adipochaser mouse is

A

a adiponectin driven thing that lets us track adipocytes in response to a stimulus

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16
Q

The worms got the

A

first sequenced genome of multi cellular organism and its much bigger than yeast

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17
Q

Worm scientific name

A

C. Elegans

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18
Q

In C. Elegans naming there is

A

3 or 4 letters followed by a - and # so unc-6 - gene

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19
Q

They are phylogenetically as close

A

to humans as any invertebrate

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20
Q

C. elegans are good cuz theyre simple but

A

complex so things seen in worms can be applicable to humans

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21
Q

Theyre werinf cuz they enter

A

meiosis on o side and do meiosis until they reah the uterus and can become like self-fertalized or real fertalized

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22
Q

theyre non-parasitic ad gave rapid generation time and

A

are transpernt and cheap and can do crispr

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23
Q

If a hermaphrodite self-reproduce most offspring are

A

hermaphrodites except 1 in 500 is male cuz of non-disjuntion and they loose an x (femal xx male xo)

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24
Q

They lay eggs through

A

the vulva

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25
While hermaphidited are longish pointy tails, males have
like this pointy curve outer thing going (triangly)
26
Life cycle of C. Elegans
LEARN
27
Bag of worms is when
the hermaphodite doesn't have a vulva so they cant leae so the babies eat their way out and kill mom in the process
28
C. Elegan methods
postional cloning (adding a specific mutation), genome sequencing, RNAi (knock out gene), RNAi by feeding (down regulation), millions mutant project and crispr
29
The class gastropoda is a diverse class of mollusk within the phylum
mollusca, goes back to the late cambrian
30
Where are snails found?
from deep ocean trenches to desert, so everywhere.
31
Snail scientific name
Lymnaea
32
Name the 6 types of learning Lymnaea have
1. non-associative learning 2. Associative learning 3. Configural Learning 4. Garcia effect 5. Instinct 6. Adaptation
33
There are strains of snails like
smart, dumb and average
34
Where were zebrafish originally found?
in slow streams and rice paddies in ganges rivers in India and burma
35
Zebrafish are closer
to humans than other fish species
36
So whyd they become a model organism?
70% of human genes present in zebrafish and 84% o human genes that are linked to diseases have zebrafish orthologs
37
What are advantages to using zebrafish - 10!
High fecundity (lots of offspring per parent) external fertilization transparent embyo rapid development small enough for passive diffusion > cardio defects regenerative simple vertebrate system identifiable stereotypes neurons easy genetic manipulation
38
What kind of diseases are present in both zebrafish and humans
heart, blood, eye, GI, brain/behaviour, vasculature, kidney, skeleton, Ear
39
What are disadvantages to using zebrafish
aquatic complex genome (gene duplication) lack some key organs aquatic environment new model few commercial antibodies
40
phenotype based whole organism screening does what
identifies drug that alleviate a certain phenotype
41
Toxicity screenings do what
analhyze toxcicity and can be used to eliminate highly toxic compounds from stuff
42
Structure-activity relationships do what
check for alterations of identified compounds, and improvement or changes in specificty
43
Rna or dna is injected when
before fertilization?
44
Clevage is
2cells and rapid divisionB
45
blastula is
128 cels and genes trancribed, division slows
46
Epiboly is
blastoderm spreads and covers yolk
47
gastrulation is
the blastoderm develops into 2 layers by involution
48
Segmentation is when
somites form, primary organs start to develop
49
We can cause mutagens so induce the phenotype and look at affected genes, techniques for this are
radiation, cchemical exposure in water, injections
50
Or phenotypic screening so observe for days for morphological or behavioural diffs, techniques include:
Transgenic markers, ISH (immunostaining)
51
Forward genetics vs reverse genetics
find the gene causing phenotypes vs looking at phenotype cause by genetic manipulation
52
How many Nobel prizes for work in Drosophila?
6, started with thomas hunt morgan
53
Thoman Hunt Morgan First did wha
verified mendels work through drosophila
54
Then he found out what
sex-linked inheritance,
55
Most fly genes are mapped so we can
turn genes ON or OFF at any time
56
Their also good cuz theyr
small, reproduce quick, cheap
57
How many ch. do flies have?
4 ch.
58
u CAN KNOCK OUT USING rnaI OR dsRNA so...
U MAKE SMTH ELSE TURN ON SMTH ELSE?
59
Advantages
Short development time -10days Cheap and can get a large amount quick smaller genome 75% has human homologues there are tools to over-express or knock-out
60
Disadvantages
No permanent conservation, so can only use while living
61
Four stages of drosophila growth
Embryo, larvae, pupae (sexual maturity) , adult
62
4 things that correlate between flies and humans are
Digestive tract, nervous system, body organisation, circulation-excretion-skeleton-muscles
63
Chicken scientific name
gallus gallus
64
Chicks were the first non mamallian amniote to
have their full genome sequenced in 2004
65
What 3 things can tissue transplantation tell us?
Instructive and permissive tissue interactions cell determ cell lineage
66
What are some advantages of chicks
cheaps available in large numbers all year round, develop quickly (60 days embryo to adult) Big bibliography on systems and organ development development resembles mammals genome is 1/3 size of humans but has about the same amount of genes large size - good for surgery no ethics
67
Disadvantages of chicks
preblastodermal stage not easily accesible Little research material compare to other model organisms (like antibodies and stains) Transgenic chicks are expensive
68
Stage 5 has 19-22 hr
Primitve streak, hensens node and head process
69
stage 7 has 23-26 hrs
1st pair somites,
70
stage 10 has 33-38 hrs
Heart visible and functioning, 10 pairs of somites, 3 brain vesicle visible and optical vesicles
71
Stage 17 52-64
Limv. buds visible, leg buds larger than wings, more CNS development, branchial arched form (jaw, pharynx, larynx)
72
Stage 22-25 has 3.5-5days
eye pigment, limbs forming
73
Stage 36-37 10-11 days
Feathers visible, egg tooth stick out, eyelids form
74
Stage 44-45 18-20 days
Increase beak size and toe length, hatch after 21 days
75
What is in ovo culture good for
protected, good physio-chem, shell gives nutrients
76
Ex-ovo is good cuz
easily visible and easily manipulated
77
Viral gene transfer include
Adenoviruse and retrovirus
78
Non- viral includes
Nuclear micro injection, calcium ohosphate, lipofection, plasma injection, electroporation particle bombardment
79
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