model organisms

Question 1

A model organism is a _________________ that is extensively studied to understand basic biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism can be _________________ to other species, including ______________

Answer 1

-non human species
-extrapolated
-humans

Question 2

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ adult size

Answer 2

small adult size

Question 3

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_____ development with ______ life cycles

Answer 3

rapid
short

Question 4

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Can be ______ in large numbers

Answer 4

breed

Question 5

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
_________ available and ___________ maintenance

Answer 5

readily
inexpensive

Question 6

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Similar __________ or similar-sized ___________ to humans

Answer 6

genes
genomes

Question 7

Typical Characteristics of Model Organisms:
Tractability to _______________________

Answer 7

experimental methodology

Question 8

Bacteria as a model organism:
The foundations of molecular biology were based on studies of __________

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

Yeast as a model organism:
system?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic

Question 10

Yeast as a model organism:
Signaling molecules and cell cycle are nearly________

Answer 10

similar

Question 11

Yeast as a model organism:
Good model system to understand many human diseases including ___________

Answer 11

cancer

Question 12

Yeast as a model organism:
Ease of genetic manipulation allows its use for ____________ and functionally dissecting _______ products from other _______________

Answer 12

analyzing
gene
eukaryotes

Question 13

Yeast as a model organism:
_______ decade ________ nobel prizes were awarded for discoveries involving ________

Answer 13

Last
Four
Yeast

Question 14

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

Answer 14

G1

Question 15

Cell Cycle arrest

Answer 15

G0

Question 16

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

Answer 16

S

Question 17

The cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs

Answer 17

G2

Question 18

One of the best characterized multicellular animal at the level of genomics, genetics, embryology.

Answer 18

Caenorhabditis elegans

Question 19

C. elegans:
It’s genome is fully ___________

Answer 19

sequenced

Question 20

C. elegans has a _____ ______ of organ systems, has complex sensory systems, shows coordinated behavior, and it is possible to trace the ________ of everyone of its approx _________ constituent cells

Answer 20

full set
lineage
1000

Question 21

C. elegans Life Cycle and Research

Answer 21

A. Developmental and Cell Biology
B. Neurobiology
C. Aging
D. Human disease studies

Question 22

Another term for Fruit Fly

Answer 22

Drosophila Melanogaster

Question 23

A versatile model organism that has been used extensively for biomedical research

Easy to manipulate genetic system and can be used to study development, physiology and behavior

Answer 23

Fruit Fly

Question 24

Biological complexity comparable to that of a _______

Answer 24

mammal

Question 25

Fruit Fly: Many organ systems in mammals have well- conserved ______________ in drosophila

Answer 25

homologous

Question 26

Small size, short life cycle, ease of culture, and ability to readily produce mutations relevant to human health and disease

Answer 26

Danio Rerio

Question 27

The __________ development can be seen through its transparent _______ and closely resembles that of higher ____________

Answer 27

embryonic egg vertebrates

Question 28

Danio Rerio: other shared features with humans include:

Answer 28

blood, kidney, and optical systems

Question 29

Danio Rerio: It's _______ is half the size of the __________ and human genomes, which is valuable in identification of key ____________ genes

Answer 29

genome mouse vertebrate

Question 30

Development in ex vivo Entire initial development is transparent

Answer 30

Danio Rerio

Question 31

Danio Rerio: _______ hrs is enough for the development of most of the organ system

Answer 31

48

Question 32

provides an excellent model system for studying the development of higher vertebrates wherein growth accompanies morphogenesis

Answer 32

chick embryo

Question 33

Closest mammalian model organism to humans

Answer 33

Mus Musculus (Mouse)

Question 34

-Small flowering plant -Has a small genome relative to other plants and is easily grown underlaboratory conditions -Amenable to some genetics particularly generation of transgenics - Allows insight into numerous features of plant biology, including those of significant value to agriculture, energy, environment, and human health.

Answer 34

Arabidopsis Thaliana (Thale Cress)

Question 35

other term for thale cress

Answer 35

arabidopsis thaliana

Question 36

Limitations: 1. Limited External 2. Morphology 3. Less similar to human 4. Some embryological 5. Manipulations Difficult

Answer 36

C. elegans

Question 37

Limitation: 1. Unicellular 2. No Distinct Tissues

Answer 37

Yeast

Question 38

Limitations: 1. Embryological manipulations difficult 2. Targeted gene disruption still difficult although possible

Answer 38

Yeast

Question 39

Limitations: 1. Classic genetics difficult 2. Early acting mutant 3. phenotypes difficult to study 4. Embryonic manipulations difficult 5. Development and life cycle relatively slow

Answer 39

Mouse

Question 40

Limitations: 1. Not yet trivial to clone genes 2. Transgenics not trivial 3. No Targeted gene disruption

Answer 40

Zebra Fish

Question 41

Limitations: Embryoloical manipulations non trivial

Answer 41

Thale Cress

Question 42

Limitations: 1. Limited Genetics 2. Genome Sequenced

Answer 42

Chick/Chick Embryo

Question 43

Organism: Colon Cancer and other cancers

Answer 43

E. coli

Question 44

Organism: Cancer, Werner syndrome

Answer 44

S. cerevisiae

Question 45

Organism: Disorders of the nervous system, cancer

Answer 45

D. melanogaster

Question 46

Organism: Diabetes

Answer 46

C. elegans

Question 47

Organism: Cardiovascular disease

Answer 47

D. rerio

Question 48

Organism: Lesch-Nyhan disease, cystic fibrosis, fragile-X syndrome, and many other diseases

Answer 48

M. musculus