Model Systems for Cell Biology and Genetic Manipulation Flashcards
(15 cards)
Why are model organisms used in cell biology?
To study conserved cellular processes efficiently using accessible, genetically tractable systems.
What makes a good model organism?
Easy to grow, short lifecycle, well-developed genetic tools, relevance to human biology.
What are SEC mutants and which model organism are they from?
Mutants in yeast that helped identify genes in the secretory pathway (e.g., ER–Golgi trafficking).
What is special about C. elegans for research?
Fully mapped cell lineage, transparency for imaging, RNAi capability, great for studying development and apoptosis.
What are some genetic tools used in Drosophila?
GAL4/UAS system, P-element insertions, balancer chromosomes.
Why is the mouse such a powerful model for human biology?
It is a mammal with similar physiology and supports gene editing (knockouts, transgenics, CRISPR).
What are the limitations of yeast as a model system?
It lacks multicellular complexity and cannot model tissue-specific processes.
Why is Drosophila a poor model for human disease?
It is not a mammal and lacks immune and physiological systems similar to humans.
What should go in the introduction of an essay on model organisms?
Define model organisms: species used to study biological processes.
Explain why they’re used: conserved pathways, ease of manipulation, ethical & practical advantages.
Mention factors influencing choice: cost, speed, tools, relevance to humans.
What are the key points for yeast (S. cerevisiae / S. pombe) in the main body?
Simple unicellular eukaryotes.
Easy to grow and genetically manipulate.
Used to discover trafficking genes (e.g., SEC mutants).
Ideal for studying the cell cycle and secretion.
Limitation: no tissues or developmental processes.
What should be included for C. elegans (nematode worm)?
Transparent body, mapped cell lineage.
Strong for developmental studies and apoptosis research.
Effective RNAi system.
Fast lifecycle, low cost.
Limitation: lacks mammalian complexity.
What are the key points for Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)?
Short lifecycle, easy to breed.
Advanced genetic tools: GAL4/UAS, P-elements.
Crucial for understanding development and gene regulation (e.g., Hox genes).
Limitation: not suitable for mammalian physiology.
What should be said about Mus musculus (mouse)?
Mammalian model → closest to humans.
Widely used for disease models, immunology, and physiology.
Genetic tools: knockouts, transgenics, CRISPR-Cas9.
Limitation: expensive and slower lifecycle.
What are general advantages and limitations to compare?
Yeast: simple, cheap, fast, but lacks tissues.
Worms/flies: great for development, not mammals.
Mice: highly relevant, but costly and slower.
Using multiple models gives a complete picture.
What should go in the conclusion of an essay on model organisms?
Summarise value of different models.
No single model is perfect — each offers unique insights.
Together, they support understanding of cells and disease.
