Models of memory

Question 1

What are the three components of Atkinson & Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory?

Answer 1

Sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 2

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

Answer 2

Unlimited capacity

Question 3

What is the duration of the sensory register?

Answer 3

Less than one second

Question 4

What is the encoding type used in the sensory register?

Answer 4

Modality specific and raw information

Question 5

What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Atkinson & Shiffrin?

Answer 5

7+/-2 chunks of information

Question 6

What is the duration of short-term memory?

Answer 6

Approximately 20 seconds

Question 7

What is the encoding type used in short-term memory?

Answer 7

Acoustic format

Question 8

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

Answer 8

Unlimited capacity

Question 9

What is the duration of long-term memory?

Answer 9

Lifetime duration

Question 10

What is the encoding type used in long-term memory?

Answer 10

Semantic coding

Question 11

What did Miller (1956) investigate in relation to the MSM?

Answer 11

The capacity of short-term memory

Question 12

What is the average digit span found by Jacobs’ experiment?

Answer 12

7.3 letters and 9.3 words

Question 13

True or False: Miller specified how large each ‘chunk’ can be.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What did Peterson & Peterson (1959) aim to investigate?

Answer 14

How different short intervals affect recall and the duration of short-term memory

Question 15

What was the result of the recall accuracy in Peterson & Peterson’s study at 3 seconds?

Answer 15

80% correct

Question 16

What was the result of the recall accuracy in Peterson & Peterson’s study at 18 seconds?

Answer 16

10% correct

Question 17

What was the main finding of Bahrick (1975) regarding long-term memory?

Answer 17

People can remember names and faces for almost a lifetime

Question 18

What was the recall percentage after 14 years in Bahrick’s study?

Answer 18

90%

Question 19

What was the recall percentage after 47 years in Bahrick’s study?

Answer 19

60%

Question 20

What is episodic memory?

Answer 20

A type of explicit memory including personal experiences

Question 21

What are the three specific elements of episodic memory?

Answer 21

• Details of the event
• Context
• Emotions

Question 22

What is semantic memory?

Answer 22

Explicit memory for knowledge, facts, concepts, and meanings

Question 23

What is procedural memory?

Answer 23

Implicit memory for how to perform tasks and skills

Question 24

What brain regions are associated with episodic memory?

Answer 24

Hippocampus and temporal lobe

Question 25

What brain regions are associated with semantic memory?

Answer 25

Temporal lobe

Question 26

What brain regions are associated with procedural memory?

Answer 26

Cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 27

What is the central executive in Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model?

Answer 27

The 'boss' that controls attention and directs information

Question 28

What does the phonological loop do?

Answer 28

Temporary storage system for verbal information

Question 29

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?

Answer 29

Temporary storage system for visual and spatial information

Question 30

What are the two components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 30

* Inner scribe * Visual cache

Question 31

What is the role of the episodic buffer in the Working Memory Model?

Answer 31

Binds and integrates information from all components

Question 32

What are the two components of the phonological loop?

Answer 32

The articulatory control process and the phonological store. ## Footnote The articulatory control process allows for subvocal repetition of acoustic information, while the phonological store is a temporary storage space for coding acoustic information.

Question 33

What does the inner scribe do?

Answer 33

Deals with the manipulation of mental images.

Question 34

What is the role of the visual cache?

Answer 34

Has a limited capacity for coding visual and spatial information.

Question 35

What is the episodic buffer's function?

Answer 35

Binds and integrates information from all components and passes it to LTM.

Question 36

Supporting evidence for the WMM includes which case study?

Answer 36

The case study of KF.

Question 37

What did Baddeley & Hitch's dual-task studies demonstrate?

Answer 37

The dual task performance effect and the involvement of the central executive.

Question 38

In Baddeley & Hitch's experiment, what was Task 1?

Answer 38

Participants were given a statement and shown two letters to determine if the statement was true or false.

Question 39

What happens to Task 1 performance when Task 2 involves both the central executive and articulatory loop?

Answer 39

Task 1 performance is slower.

Question 40

What did the study of patient KF reveal about his memory?

Answer 40

He had greater short-term forgetting of auditory information compared to visual stimuli.

Question 41

What specific auditory problems did patient KF experience?

Answer 41

Limited to verbal material such as letters and digits, but not meaningful sounds.

Question 42

What does the case study of patient SC suggest?

Answer 42

Damage to the phonological loop.

Question 43

What was notable about patient LH's performance on tasks?

Answer 43

Performed better on spatial tasks than on visual imagery tasks.

Question 44

What does the performance of patient LH support?

Answer 44

The idea of separate visual and spatial systems.

Question 45

What does research into patient KF support regarding the WMM?

Answer 45

The idea of two slave systems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.

Question 46

What is a limitation of the WMM?

Answer 46

It only focuses on STM and does not fully explain the link to LTM.

Question 47

What is lacking in the WMM regarding memory processing?

Answer 47

Information on how information is processed and transferred between STM and LTM.

Question 48

True or False: The WMM provides a complete model of memory.

Answer 48

False.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a temporary storage system for visual and spatial information.

Answer 49

visuo-spatial sketchpad.

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The inner scribe deals with the _______ of mental images.

Answer 50

manipulation.

Question 51

Fill in the blank: Dual-task studies provide evidence for the existence of multiple _______ within our STM.

Answer 51

components.