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507 midterm > Models of psychopathology > Flashcards

Models of psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Psychopathology arises from ineffective efforts to resolve conflicts

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2
Q

3 levels of awareness according to psychodynamic theory

A

conscious: thoughts, feelings, behaviors (ego)
pre-conscious: info that is not conscious but is retrievable (super-ego)
Unconscious: a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories (id)

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3
Q

Id

A

Does not distinguish between reality and fantasy; operates according to pleasure principle and pursues immediate gratification. Run by biological instincts like hunger, sex, thirst.

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4
Q

Ego

A

Understands reality and logic; mediates between id and super ego. Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable way.

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5
Q

Super ego

A

Conscience: internalization of societal and parental values. Provides standards for judgment and future aspirations.

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6
Q

Death instinct

A

Destructive energy, part of psychodynamic theory

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7
Q

How do the id, ego, and superego relate to psychological disorders?

A

overactive id=addiction

overactive super ego=social anxiety

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8
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

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9
Q

Fixation

A

Stuck in a psychosexual stage if conflict was unresolved.

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10
Q

Defense mechanism

A

strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse: regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, repression, displacement, sublimation

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11
Q

Psychoanalysis as treatment theory

A

Evidence is inadequate.
Theory is not testable: good at explaining past but not at prediction.
Sexism: believed women were inferior.
Fails to establish clear predictions of abnormal behavior.

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12
Q

Rorshach Inkblot test

A

Only 2 scoring systems with any empirical support. It can be used as a projective measure for schizophrenia.

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Naturally occurring response to UC

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15
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Hasn’t been paired with the US yet- if paired, can become a conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus paired with US

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17
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to previously neutral stimulus

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18
Q

Which disorders does classical conditioning play an important role in?

A

Fear disorders, substance use disorders

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19
Q

How does classical conditioning relate to drug overdoses?

A

Overdoses typically occur in novel settings.

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20
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

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21
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

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22
Q

Reinforcer

A

An event that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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23
Q

Punishment

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A

Decreases the frequency of a behavior.

24
Q

Fixed ratio

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A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished every nth time it is repeated.

25
Fixed interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished every nth minute. (After a certain time interval)
26
Variable ratio
A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished after a varied number of times it is repeated. (This is the most powerful schedule of reinforcement, and most resistant to extinction)
27
Variable interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which the behavior is rewarded or punished after a varied amount of time
28
Albert Bandura
Important figure in modeling research. (Bobo doll- children were more aggressive after watching a video of dolls being hit.)
29
Modeling
process of observing and imitating behavior
30
Behavioral model as treatment
Powerful force in clinical field Can be studied Actual behavior does not always follow basic principles of conditioning. Emphasis on cognitions developed.
31
Cognitive Model
Cognitive processes are seen to be at the center of behavior, thought, and emotions (thoughts are the main source of psychological problems)
32
Cognitions
Thoughts, beliefs, assumptions, expectations; private, self-talk
33
How do the principles of conditioning apply to thoughts?
Automatic thoughts can develop via respondent conditioning. | Thoughts, images can be shaped and increased or decreased in frequency via operant principles.
34
The Cognitive Triad
Thoughts -> Feelings --> Behaviors: all influence each other when a trigger event happens.
35
What are third wave CBT theories?
ACT, DBT, compassion focused (Buddhist origins), Mindfulness Based CBT
36
Cognitive model as treatment for depression
Research has supported | Distortions in thinking tend to go with depression but do not necessarily precede depression
37
What are some important facets of the humanistic model?
Free will Self awareness Psychological growth Focus on present aspects of thinking, behaving, and feeling
38
Self concept
In humanistic theory, a set of perceptions you hold about yourself.
39
Positive regard
Important idea in humanistic theory- positive regard can be conditional or unconditional
40
Actualizing tendency
Innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
41
Levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Bottom- basic needs Middle- psychological needs Top- self fulfillment needs
42
Humanism as a treatment
Difficult to test or validate Too optimistic, minimizes some of the more destructive aspects of human nature. Useful concepts in treatment
43
Biological model
Adopts a medical perspective | Abnormal bx is result of malfunctioning parts of organism
44
Neurotransmitters
Signals sent in the brain: Axon Dendrites- receive signals - action potential Terminal button- sends signals Myelin- helps sent electrical impulse faster
45
According to the biological model, how do abnormalities develop?
Genetics, evolution, viral infections
46
Biological model as treatment
Family Pedigree Studies suggest that certain mental disorders run in families. Twin studies: great co-occurrence in identical twins than fraternal Psychotropic meds work for some people Too simplistic Psychological processes have biological correlates- which comes first? Treatments are often effective, but long term v. short term benefits and side effects should be considered.
47
Sociocultural model
Abnormal bx best understood in light of social cultural forces (context) Culture is the basis of perception and comprehension
48
What is one problem with where the majority of psychology research happens?
96% of research is in Western nations, yet developing nations are 90% of the population. A small percentage of the population is determining what is "normal."
49
Psychology samples are
``` White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic 68% of research subjects come for US; 67% of those are undergraduates ```
50
According to the sociocultural model, abnormal bx is a function of
social labels and roles social networks and supports family structure and communication
51
Sociocultural model as theory
Added important dimension to our understanding Research is difficult to interpret: complex models require large N, and correlation does not equal causation Cannot predict psychopathology in specific individual
52
Biopsychosocial model
Explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences. Since no model is consistently superior, a biopsychosocial model which takes all factors into account is superior.
53
Diathesis-stress model
diathesis+stress=psychopathology
54
Object relations theory
The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.
55
Elements of culturally sensitive approaches
* special cultural instruction for therapists in their training * the therapist's awareness of a client’s cultural values * therapist’s awareness of stress, prejudices, stereotypes minority clients are exposed to * therapist’s awareness of the hardship faced by children of immigrants * helping clients recognize the impact of both their own culture and the dominant culture on their self-views and behavior * helping clients identify and express suppressed anger and pain * helping clients achieve a bicultural balance that feels right for them * helping clients raise their self esteem
56
equifinality
the principle that a number of different developmental pathways can lead to the same psychological disorder
57
multi finality
the principle that person with a similar developmental history may nevertheless react to similar current situations in very different ways.

507 midterm (8 decks)

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