Modern Biology Flashcards - L4_ Genetics

Question 1

field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

science of HEREDITY and VARIATION.

Answer 2

Genetics

Question 3

The passing down of traits in the form of genes from parents to their children

Answer 3

Heredity

Question 4

It is the difference in genes between individuals or groups of individuals.

Answer 4

Variation

Question 5

a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

Answer 5

Trait

Question 6

different possibilities for a given trait.

Answer 6

Alleles

Question 7

Every trait has at least how many alleles?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.

Answer 8

Gene

Question 9

Father of Genetics

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

He Identified specific traits in the garden pea and studied them from one generation to another.

Answer 10

Gregor Mendel

Question 11

3 Laws of Mendel

Answer 11

Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment

Question 12

In this law, Hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype.

Answer 12

Law of Dominance

Question 13

In this law, two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form, and parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring.

Answer 13

Law of Segregation

Question 14

It is when the two parent differ from one another by ONE trait

Answer 14

Monohybrid Cross

Question 15

states that the alleles of different genes are inherited independently within the organisms that reproduce sexually.”

Answer 15

law of independent assortment

Question 16

Independent assortment takes place during the process of ___

Answer 16

Meiosis

Question 17

states that during a haploid. DIHYBRID CROSS (crossing of two pairs of traits), an assortment of each pair of traits is independent of the other.

Answer 17

law of independent assortment

Question 18

The genetic make up of an organism

Answer 18

Genotype

Question 19

The gene combination an organism has

Answer 19

Genotype

Question 20

The way an organism looks

Answer 20

Phenotype

Question 21

The physical characteristics of an organism

Answer 21

Phenotype

Question 22

term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

Answer 22

homozygous

Question 23

term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

Answer 23

heterozygous

Question 24

When one allele is NOT completely dominant over another (they blend)

Answer 24

Incomplete Dominance

Question 25

It is when both alleles are expressed

Answer 25

Codominance

Question 26

determines body traits

Answer 26

autosomes

Question 27

Inability to distinguish between certain colors.

Answer 27

colorblindedness

Question 28

A condition wherein blood won't clot

Answer 28

hemophilia

Question 29

Graphic representation of how a trait is passed from parents to offspring

Answer 29

Pedigree

Question 30

In a pedigree, what shape represents female?

Answer 30

Circle

Question 31

In a pedigree, what shape represents male?

Answer 31

Square

Question 32

In a pedigree, horizontal lines connecting a male and a female represent a ____

Answer 32

marriage

Question 33

In a pedigree, this indicates a person has the trait

Answer 33

shaded circle or square

Question 34

In a pedigree, partial shade represents a ____

Answer 34

carrier

Question 35

When one gene mutation results in two or more seemingly unrelated observable traits.

Answer 35

Pleiotropy

Question 36

describes a certain relationship between genes, where an allele of one gene hides or masks the visible output, or phenotype, of another gene.

Answer 36

Epistasis

Question 37

It can be seen in the coat color of Labrador retrievers.

Answer 37

Epistasis

Question 38

a picture of an individual's chromosomes. It can be used to diagnose chromosomal disorders.

Answer 38

Karyotype

Question 39

a chromosome that is directly involved in determining the sex of the individual.

Answer 39

sex chromosome

Question 40

47 chromosomes, extra chromosome at pair #21

Answer 40

Down syndrome

Question 41

47 chromosomes, extra X chromosomes (XXY) that mainly affects boys, having low testosterone levels, underdeveloped muscles, sparse facial hair

Answer 41

Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 42

only 45 chromosomes, missing a sex chromosome (X), Girls affected - short, slow growth, heart problems

Answer 42

Turner's syndrome

Question 43

a stable, heritable change in the genetic material.

Answer 43

Mutation

Question 44

Any change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA, any mistake in the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA or pairing of codon and anticodon

Answer 44

Mutation

Question 45

In this type of mutation, one base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand.

Answer 45

Point mutation or single base pair substitution

Question 46

an example of genetic disorder that illustrates a dramatic malfunction due to a change in just a single nucleotide in the DNA.

Answer 46

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 47

In this type of mutation, extra nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA, often resulting in a frameshift.

Answer 47

Frameshift mutation by insertion

Question 48

One or more nucleotides is "skipped" during replication or otherwise excised, often resulting in a frameshift.

Answer 48

Frameshift mutation by deletion

Question 49

These are associated with random changes that cause errors when DNA is produced in the cell.

Answer 49

Spontaneous Mutation

Question 50

Mutations may also be induced by environmental factors called ____

Answer 50

Mutagens

Question 51

It may be in the form of radiation, chemicals, and microbial infection.

Answer 51

Mutagen

Question 52

This gene mutation involves red blood cells being sickle shaped instead of round and cannot carry enough oxygen to the body tissues - heterozygous condition protects people from malaria

Answer 52

Sickle cell anemia

Question 53

mucous builds up in the lungs

Answer 53

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 54

deterioration of the nervous system - early death

Answer 54

Tay-Sachs Disease

Question 55

an amino acid common in milk cannot be broken down and as it builds up it causes mental retardation - newborns are tested for this

Answer 55

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 56

gradual deterioration of brain tissue, shows up in middle age and is fatal

Answer 56

Huntington's Disease

Question 57

variety of skeletal abnormalities

Answer 57

Dwarfism

Question 58

In this process, a very few parent plants are chosen for breeding from a great number of individuals.

Answer 58

mass selection

Question 59

may be the oldest form of plant breeding.

Answer 59

mass selection

Question 60

crossing of two different but closely related strains.

Answer 60

Hybridization

Question 61

the opposite of hybridization.

Answer 61

Inbreeding

Question 62

Instead of crossing two parent plants, this involves self- pollination of a single parent.

Answer 62

Inbreeding

Question 63

a condition, in which more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes are present,

Answer 63

polyploidy

Question 64

Human diseases linked to point mutation/single base pair substitution

Answer 64

Albinism, Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 65

Human Diseases linked to Frameshift mutation by insertion

Answer 65

One form of beta thalassemia