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VMS4008 - EQUINE > Modern Equine Parasite control > Flashcards

Modern Equine Parasite control Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What parasites to condier in ADULT horse?

A
  • Cyathostomins (small strongyles/small redworms)
  • Tapeworms
  • Oxyuris equi (equine pinworm)
  • Strongylus spp. (large strongyles)
  • Gasterophilus spp. (‘bot’)
  • Dictycaulus arnfieldi (lungworm)
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2
Q

What additional species in foals and yearlings ?

A
  • Parascaris spp. (ascarids)
  • Strongyloides westeri (thredworm)
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3
Q

Describe how cyathostomins come about?

A
  • Encysted larvae in the mucosa (submucosa) of the caecum and colon
  • Over winter as the temperature decreases, they undergo hypobiosis
    (arrested development)
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4
Q

What potentially severe clinical dx can happen from cyathostomins?

A

when large numbers of L4 larvae
emerge at once from the intestinal mucosa
* Late winter / early spring
* Acute Larval Cyathosominosis
* Colic
* Diarrhoea
* Hypoalbuminemia
* Weight-loss

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5
Q

Who is more at risk of Cyahostomins?

A

Young horses (1-5yrs) and possibly geriatric horses, and horses with PPID
(pituitary pars-intermedia dysfunction or ‘Cushing’s disease’) more at risk
of disease

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6
Q

In terms of detection? Cyahostomins

A
  • Up to 95% of burden encysted over winter therefore not
    laying eggs
  • FWEC (Faecal Worm Egg Count) unhelpful when encysted
  • Serum ELIZA test available
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7
Q

How to interpret ELISA?

A
  • Interpret with caution
  • A positive test does not mean there is clinically relevant
    mucosal cyathostomin burden
  • Can be useful to ‘rule-out’ cyathostomin infection
  • Care in severe disease (will be affected by low globulin
    concentration)
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8
Q

How to treat cyathostomins?

A

Hard to treat – only 2 wormers with efficacy against the
encysted stage
* Fenbendazole - 5 day course (++resistance)
* Moxidectin

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9
Q

Describe tapeworm in horse

A
  • Anoplocephala perfoliata is the most common equine tapeworm
  • Infection occurs when horses ingest infected oribatid mites whilst grazing
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10
Q

Pathophy of tapeworms?

A

Tapeworms erode the intestinal mucosa at the site of attachment
* Can result in:
* disturbances of motility ‘Spasmodic’ colic
* Intussusception (commonly ileal, ileo-caecal or caeco-caecal)
* Impactions (commonly ileal)

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11
Q

Is FWEC sensitive for tapeworms?

A

No as eggs not evenly distributed in faeces -> shed within gravid proglottids released from adult tapeworms

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12
Q

Tapeworm ELISA ?

A

Yes useful
* Antibodies persist for 3-6months
* Tests validated to show that high levels of antibodies correlate to higher numbers
of tapeworms
* Serum
* Saliva

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13
Q

tx for tapeworm?

A
  • Resistance emerging
  • Praziquantel
  • High dose Pyrantel
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14
Q

Which strongylus species in our large strongyles?

A
  • Strongylus vulgaris
  • Strongylus endentatus
  • Strongylus equinus
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15
Q

Prevalence of strongylus spp ?

A
  • Very rare in well managed equine populations
  • Low prevalence in the UK – currently
  • In countries like Denmark and Sweden where strict prescription-only legislation has
    reduced anthelmintic use, it has re-emerged
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16
Q

What do storngylus spp cause?

A

Larval stages migrate through the crainial mesenteric arteries that supply
blood to the intestines
➢ Non-strangulating intestinal infarction
* Colic
* Peritonitis

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17
Q

What is the most important paraésite in foals?

A

Parascaris equorum (ASCARIDS)

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18
Q

Why are younger foals more predispoed?

A

After the first 6-7months of age, ascarids are naturally eliminated and cyathostomin and tapeworm burdens
start to increase

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19
Q

What can ascarid infection cause?

A
  • Poor condition
  • Respiratory disease
  • Intestinal impaction
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20
Q

T/F Ascarids produce a lot of eggs?

A

TRUE -> eggs also very resilient in environment -> can overwinter and affect next year’s foals

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21
Q

When are foals at highest risk fo dx with ascarids?

A

Times of stress -> Weaning; yearling prep/sales

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22
Q

How can we test for ascarids?

Study These Flashcards
A

Testing via FWEC from 3-4months
* Not recommended before this due to long prepatent period (10 weeks or over)

23
Q

TX for ascarids?

Study These Flashcards
A

LICENSED:
* Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole) *Resistance reported
* Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel) *Resistance reported
* Macrocytic lactones (Moxidectin and Ivermectin) *Resistance common

24
Q

What to be careful with when tx foals ascarids?

Study These Flashcards
A

foals with high burdens as some anthelmintics causes paralysis of the parasites and can cause acute intestinal impaction
* Macrocytic Lactones
* Pyrantel salts

25
What is the name for pinworms?
Oxyuris equi
26
Describe Pinworms
* Not fatal! (No significant damage to GI tract) * Can cause significant perianal irritation * Eggs deposited by adult females on the perianal region = Pruritus
27
How do horses get infected with pinworms?
* Infection from ingestion of eggs in the environment * Paddock, stable, fencing, equipment etc (where the horse rubs!)
28
Best diagnostic for pinworms?
TAPE
29
Licensed tx for pinworm?
* Fenbendazole** * Pyrantel** * Ivermectin and moxidectin (resistance reported) (Re infection common)
30
What to do on top of systemic tx?
thorough cleaning of contaminated surfaces and daily washing of perianal region
31
What is the name for equine lungworm?
D I C T Y O C A U L U S A R N F I E L D I
32
When do we see equine lungworm?
* Donkeys are the usual reservoir but don’t tend to get clinical disease * Rare in horses * Infection rarely patent * Larvae are susceptible to desiccation on pasture * Infected when sharing pastures with donkeys
33
Pathophys of lungworm ?
* Adult lungworms live in bronchioles ➢ Mucopurulent bronchitis ➢ Cough and nasal discharge
34
Diagnosis of Lungworm?
tracheal aspirate samples
35
describe Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
* Rare but recognised (co-grazing with cattle and sheep – wet marshy conditions) * Intermediate host snail - Galba (Lymnaea) truncatula * Hepatopathy * Antemortem diagnosis challenging * Treatment – off licence * Triclabendazole (resistance common) * Closantel
36
Describe Gasterophilus spp ('bot')
* Commonly found in the stomach of equids * Eggs are laid by adult flies on the equid's hair coat * Ingested by grooming * Not considered pathogenic
37
Describe threadworm (Strongyloides westeri) ?
* In foals * Lactogenic transmission from mare * Occasionally associated with diarrhoea - rare
38
Describe resistance with anthelmintics?
* Resistance reported for ALL anthelmintics in the UK * No new classes of anthelmintics being developed for horses * Growing evidence of negative consequences of certain anthelmintics (ivermectins and other parasiticides) on the environment (insects and aquatic life) * Interval deworming no longer acceptable for mature horses
39
T/F anthelmintics in UK are POM-VPS?
TRUE Can be prescribed by any Registered Qualified Person (RQP – vet, pharmacist, or SQP (suitably qualified person)) * Education is the key as vets cannot control the distribution
40
Goals of targeted worming programs?
- Reduce clinical dx risk - Reduce burden on pasture - NOT to eradicate all worms in all horses
41
Describe the BEVA Protect me too acronym ?
* Practice policy * Risk asses * Other methods of control * Target treatment to high sheders * Environmental sustainability * Check for drug efficacy * Test for tapeworms * Monitor the herd * Educate * Too – protect anthelmintics as well as antibiotics
42
What does other methods of control involve?
43
Describe targeting tx to high shedders
* 20% of horses carry 80% of burden * Reduce anthelmintic use * Maintain refugia (a population of anthelmintic susceptible worms)
44
How can we check for drug efficacy?
Faecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRTs) * FECRTs should be performed annually where there are horses that require treatment. * FECRT can be used to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics in individual animals, but groups of horses (at least 6 where possible) are better for detecting resistance.
45
Method for FECRTs?
* Perform FEC on a group of >5-10 horses on a farm * Deworm all horses with one anthelmintic * Repeat FEC 14 days after treatment (use same FEC technique) * Calculate FECR of individual horse based on formula; * Calculate average FECR for treated group
46
How do we check for drug efficacy?
Egg Reappearance Period (ERP) * How long it takes from the date of administering the anthelmintic for the parasite eggs to reappear in the faeces again * Most relevant for macrocytic lactones (moxidectin/ivermectin)
47
Method for ERP?
repeat FEC 6 weeks from date of admin
48
How to test for tapeworms?
Tapeworm ELISA
49
Larval cyasthostomins ?
– to treat in the autumn? * Encysted larvae so FWEC will not detect * Disease rare from 5-20yrs old * In young or old horses with unknow history who are at higher risk consider testing serum ELIZA and if exposure may warrant treatment with moxidectin
50
Anthelmintic choice?
51
Authorisation ages for foals?
52
TESTING FOR FOALS AND WEANLINGS <12 MONTHS?
53
How to deal with donkeys and hybrids?
* Targeted worming as for horses * FEC and FECRT as for horses * Sedimentation test for lungworm L1 larvae * NOT tapeworm ELIZA (unvalidated) * NOT cyathostomin ELIZA (unvalidated) * Consider lungworm in donkeys or horses grazing with donkeys BEWARE LICENSING - > NOT praziquantel or moxidectin

VMS4008 - EQUINE (30 decks)

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