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POLITICAL IDEAS: LIBERALISM > Modern Liberalism > Flashcards

Modern Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key tenets of classical liberalism ?

A
  1. Foundational equality
  2. Positive freedom
  3. Enabling state
  4. Keynesian economics
  5. Social justice
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2
Q

Who are the thinkers for modern liberalism ?

A

John Rawls and Betty Friedan

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3
Q

What is foundational equality ?

A
  • linked to classical liberalism on toleration increasing formal equality
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4
Q

How does Betty Friedan linked to foundational equality?

A

State needs to tackle gender inequality to endure consistent equality of opportunity between sexes and modern liberalism need to ensure all Sections of society have equal treatment by state e.g LGTBQ, minority ethnic groups

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5
Q

What is positive freedom ?

A

Belief that individual left alone are often inhibited rather than free so need enabling so they are free to exercise individual talent

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6
Q

What did the new modern liberals say about postive freedom ?

A

individuals had to be enabled and free from social economic problems (unemployment , poor healthcare and lack of education) to be secured
- negative freedom = state provides no assistance to overcome social and economic disadvantage

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7
Q

What is enabling state ?

A

Facilities individuals reaching their potential or creating conditions where people can help themselves
E.g education, welfare state

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8
Q

How did Keynesian economics come about ?

A

Modern liberalism John Maynard Keynes stated the state should be more interventionist and practise Keynesianism

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9
Q

What did Keynes argue, for Keynesian economics ?

A

Goverment could prevent economic slumps and devastating unemployment that filled by managing demand and stimulating the economy

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10
Q

What is Keynesianism ?

A

State directly intervened to simulate exist in order to achieve full employment and economic growth

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11
Q

What is social justice/liberalism ?

A

Legislation that may criminalise actions that discriminated against individuals on grounds of race , gender, sexual, religion and disability

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12
Q

What is veil of ignorance according to John Rawls and social justice/liberity ?

A

If individuals were asked what type of society they would prefer and were ignorant of own circumstances they would choose a society with little inequality
- John Rawls stated that inequality could be justified as Lona as those who do well Economically do not do so at the expense of the lease well off in society

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13
Q

What is John Rawls key ideas ?

A
  • theory of justice
  • the veil of ignorance
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14
Q

Why is theory of justice according to John Rawls ?

A

Society must be just and guarantee each citizen of life worth living

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15
Q

What is veil of ignorance according to John Rawls ?

A

Hypothetical scenario where individuals agree on type of society they want from a position where they lack knowledge of their own position in society

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16
Q

What did John Rawls restate ?

A

Core liberal principle of foundational equality

17
Q

What did John Rawl restating core liberal principles of foundational equality mean ?

A

Individuals required not just formal equality under law and constitution but greater social and economic equality

18
Q

What did greater social and economic equality ensure according to John Rawls ?

A

Ensures fair society and all lives could be rich and fulfilled

19
Q

How could it be ensured that all lives could be rich and fulfilled according to John Rawl ?

A

Only by significant redistribution of wealth by enabling state

20
Q

How can significant redistribution of wealth by enabling state be done according to John Rawls ?

A

With Extensive public spending and progressive taxation

21
Q

What position does John Rawls support ?

A

Original position

22
Q

What is original position according to John Rawls

A

Individuals asked to construct from scratch society judged to be superior to the one they currently live

23
Q

What is human nature of John Rawls linked to ?

A

Veil of ignorance as human nature is rational and empathetic

24
Q

What did human nature of empathy and rational give for individuals according to John Rawls ?

A
  • Led to individuals getting along better in present society
  • fairer society and inequality reduced
25
Q

What did englarged state from link with according to John Rawls ?

A

Higher taxation and significant wealth distribution consisting with goverment by consent

26
Q

What will most individuals chose to do according to John Rawls ?

A

To improve the poorest but still want individuals liberity and self fulfillment
But can also be done by state

27
Q

What did John Rawls believe ?

A

If asked someone what society they would prefer without knowing where they stand in society people would prefer society with little inequality and equality of opportunity

28
Q

How could social justice be justified according to John Rawls ?

A

Could be justified in modern capitalist society as long as those who do well do not exploit those less well off

29
Q

Why did John Rawl strongly support individual liberity ?

A

Individual liberity but insisted freedom should be available to all on an equal basis

30
Q

What was Betty Friedan key ideas ?

A
  • Legal equality
  • equal opportunity
31
Q

What is legal equality according to Betty Friedan ?

A

Women are as capable as men and oppressive laws and view needs to be overturned

32
Q

What is equal opportunity according to Betty Friedan ?

A

Women are held back from their potential as limited number of jobs acceptable for women

33
Q

What did Betty Friedan argue for ?

A

For individual freedom all individuals should be free to achieve their potential and seek control over own lives

34
Q

What did Betty Friedan say was a serious hinderance for individuals?

A

Gender

35
Q

What lead to attitudes in society rather than human nature according to Friedan ?

A

Unliberal attitude lead to women underachievement and these attitudes were transmitted by agents of socialisation

36
Q

How is progress possible according to Friedan ?

A

Legal equality

37
Q

How did Friedan not see the state as ?

A

State was vehicle of patriarchy but blamed dominant cultural attitudes

38
Q

What are women victims of according to Friedan ?

A

Lack of opportunity and choices due to patriarchy

39
Q

How can it be possible to achieve equality of opportunity for men and women according to Betty Friedan ?

A

If state based on liberal principles

POLITICAL IDEAS: LIBERALISM (4 decks)

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