Modern Liberalism

Question 1

When did modern liberalism emerge?

Answer 1

Late 19th century

Question 2

What historical event prompted the emergence of modern liberalism?

Answer 2

Industrial Revolution

Question 3

Name three key thinkers associated with modern liberalism.

Answer 3

• T.H. Green
• Betty Friedan
• John Rawls

Question 4

Which economist is linked to modern liberalism?

Answer 4

Keynes

Question 5

What report is associated with inquiries related to modern liberalism?

Answer 5

Beveridge Report

Question 6

What major social change influenced the rise of modern liberalism?

Answer 6

Mass individual dependency on heavy industry for work

Question 7

What type of government was deemed ineffective during the rise of modern liberalism?

Answer 7

Laissez-faire governments

Question 8

According to T.H. Green, what had liberalism conquered?

Answer 8

Original enemies of liberty

Question 9

What new challenges did T.H. Green believe liberalism faced?

Answer 9

Enemies of the economy and society

Question 10

What is positive liberty according to Green?

Answer 10

Freedom should not be seen merely as the absence of restraint, but as something more altruistic.

Green emphasized the importance of empowerment in the concept of liberty.

Question 11

What does positive liberty focus on?

Answer 11

Empowering individuals to help themselves and enabling them to control their lives.

This concept contrasts with negative liberty, which focuses solely on the absence of interference.

Question 12

True or False: Positive liberty can be achieved if individuals are left alone.

Answer 12

False

Green argued that positive liberty requires support and empowerment, not isolation.

Question 13

What do modern liberals demand for positive liberty?

Answer 13

A much larger state to facilitate positive liberty

Modern liberals believe that only more government will enable individuals to achieve freedom.

Question 14

Who argued that individual liberty requires more laws, state spending, and taxation?

Answer 14

John Rawls

This idea is associated with the UK’s post-war welfare state.

Question 15

What is the neo-liberal criticism of the enabling state?

Answer 15

They believe in minimal government intervention

Hayek argued that this was ‘Socialism in disguise’.

Question 16

What does Rawls defend about the state?

Answer 16

The idea of an enlarged state

He believed it could create the equality of opportunity necessary for individual freedom.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: Neo-liberals criticize the enabling state, believing in _______.

Answer 17

[minimal government intervention]

Question 18

True or False: John Rawls supports a minimal government approach.

Answer 18

False

Rawls argues for an enlarged state to promote individual liberty.

Question 19

What concept is associated with the UK’s post-war welfare state?

Answer 19

The idea that individual liberty requires more laws, state spending, and taxation

This concept was notably advocated by John Rawls.

Question 20

What did Hayek refer to the enabling state as?

Answer 20

‘Socialism in disguise’

This reflects his criticism of government intervention.

Question 21

What is dirigiste capitalism?

Answer 21

A form of capitalism involving greater state intervention in a market economy

Dirigiste capitalism contrasts with laissez-faire capitalism.

Question 22

Who influenced modern liberals with his economic ideas?

Answer 22

John Maynard Keynes

Keynes’ ideas emphasize the need for state intervention in the economy.

Question 23

What did Keynes argue about minimum state intervention?

Answer 23

It led to mass unemployment and loss of freedom, resulting in poverty

Keynes believed that without intervention, economic conditions would deteriorate.

Question 24

According to Keynes, what is necessary to protect capitalism?

Answer 24

Some level of management by the state

Keynes argued that state management enables individual freedom through full employment.

Question 25

How did Rawls view Keynesian economics?

Answer 25

As crucial to overcoming Beveridge’s ‘five giants’ ## Footnote Rawls believed Keynesian ideas were essential for effective tax yields.

Question 26

What is the relationship between Keynesian economics and full employment?

Answer 26

Keynes believed state management was necessary for full employment ## Footnote Full employment is seen as a means to secure individual freedom.

Question 27

What do modern liberals support regarding the state?

Answer 27

The extension of the state ## Footnote T.H. Green stated that if the state does more for its people, it must secure their consent.

Question 28

What is positive liberty in the context of modern liberalism?

Answer 28

An enabling state requiring universal adult suffrage

Question 29

Which voting age changes did liberal parties in the UK support?

Answer 29

* Reducing the voting age to 18 in 1969 * Proposing to reduce it to 16

Question 30

How do modern liberals view direct democracy and referendums?

Answer 30

They show little interest and support limiting them ## Footnote This is evidenced by their support for the Human Rights Act and the EU.

Question 31

What was a significant democratic shortcoming that modern liberals were willing to ignore?

Answer 31

For the return of 'liberal' outcomes such as free movement of EU citizens

Question 32

How do modern liberals perceive the Brexit referendum?

Answer 32

As an example of Mill’s 'tyranny of the majority'

Question 33

What is social liberalism?

Answer 33

A political ideology defined by updating classical liberalism's focus on tolerance, especially for minorities. ## Footnote Social liberalism emerged in the mid-20th century as an evolution of traditional liberal thoughts.

Question 34

Who argued that many individuals are denied equality of opportunity due to essentialist factors?

Answer 34

Freidan ## Footnote Freidan's arguments highlighted issues like ethnicity affecting equality in modern society.

Question 35

What did Freidan believe was necessary to address inequality in society?

Answer 35

Affirmative action ## Footnote Freidan advocated for measures to ensure equal opportunities for marginalized groups.

Question 36

What initiative did the USA implement in 1964 to promote affirmative action?

Answer 36

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ## Footnote This commission required positive discrimination when hiring employees.

Question 37

What was the significance of the US Supreme Court's Roe v Wade decision in 1973?

Answer 37

It protected women's rights to abortion ## Footnote This landmark decision was a crucial development in women's rights in the US.

Question 38

What did the UK’s Race Relations Acts of 1965, 68, and 76 accomplish?

Answer 38

They banned forms of racial discrimination ## Footnote These acts were key legislative measures in promoting racial equality in the UK.

Question 39

What did the UK’s Marriage Act 2013 legalize?

Answer 39

Same-sex marriages ## Footnote This act marked a significant advancement in LGBTQ+ rights in the UK.

Question 40

How did Freidan view 'corrective' legislation in relation to the liberal state?

Answer 40

As consistent with promoting tolerance and equal opportunity ## Footnote Freidan believed such legislation aligned with the core aims of liberalism.

Question 41

What modern example of social liberalism is often cited?

Answer 41

Tolerance for transgender rights ## Footnote This reflects ongoing discussions within social liberalism about inclusivity.

Question 42

True or False: Many liberal feminists view transgender rights as a threat to the rights of cisgender women.

Answer 42

True ## Footnote This viewpoint highlights tensions within feminist discourse regarding gender identity.