Modern Medicine, c.1900-present

Question 1

In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick identified ___ as the substance that passes information on from parent to child

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

what structure did Crick and Watson Come up with about DNA

Answer 2

the double helix

Question 3

who were Watson and crick helped by

Answer 3

Rosalin Franklin and Maurice Wilkins who produced close up x-ray images

Question 4

why so knowing the structure of DNA important

Answer 4

meant scientists could now work out which parts cause hereditary diseases

Question 5

what was launched in 1990

Answer 5

The human genome project

Question 6

why was the human genome project set up

Answer 6

to identify the complete set of DNA which makes up human beings

Question 7

how many years did the human genome project take to complete

Answer 7

10 years

Question 8

how many scientists did it require

Answer 8

hundreds from around the world

Question 9

why can scientists now benefit from the human genome projects

Answer 9

use it as a blue print to look at faults in the DNA of people with genetic diseases

Question 10

what 3 main things have we learnt within your lifestyle affects your health

Answer 10

smoking - cancer, high blood pressed
unprotetced sex , tanning, drugs and alcohol
diet

Question 11

when were blood pressure monitors first used

Answer 11

1880s

Question 12

when were X-rays first used

Answer 12

1890s

Question 13

when were Endoscopes first used

Answer 13

1900s

Question 14

when were blood tests first used

Answer 14

1930s

Question 15

when were CT scans first used

Answer 15

1970s

Question 16

what were blood pressure monitors used for

Answer 16

diagnosing high/low blood pressure

Question 17

what were X-rays used for

Answer 17

seeing inside the body without surgery

Question 18

what were Endoscopes used for

Answer 18

camera on the end of a thin tube, used for looking inside the body

Question 19

what were blood tests used for

Answer 19

testing for conditions without surgery

Question 20

what were CT scans used for

Answer 20

a more advanced type of Xray, used to find tumours and growths

Question 21

what are Magic bullets

Answer 21

chemical medicines that attacked disease whilst leaving the rest of the body unharmed

Question 22

how was the last issue of surgery (bleeding) tackled?

Answer 22

first blood groups discovered. by Karl Landsteiner making it possible to carry out blood transfusions

Question 23

organ transplants were first developed in the

Answer 23

20th century

Question 24

what made organ transplants possible

Answer 24

modern techniques and technology

Question 25

benefits of the NHS

Answer 25

free for anyone access to treatment improve and lots more

Question 26

negatives of NHS

Answer 26

Uks population is growing so people are living longer meaning more people are using the NHS making it more expensive longer waiting times

Question 27

modern drugs

Answer 27

drugs can be mass produced | but need to go through many trials

Question 28

stage one of developing antibiotics

Answer 28

- Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin by chance - realised it killed bacteria - didnt experiment any further as he didn't think it could work to kill of bacteria in living people

Question 29

stage two of developing antibiotics

Answer 29

- 10 years later Florey and Chain came across Flemmings notes about penicillin and experimented - tested on mice - took along time to grow enough penicillin for it to work on humans but by 1941 they had enough - tested it on a police man who had blood poisoning and it worked - somehow they needed to produce penicillin on an industrial scale

Question 30

stage three of developing antibiotics

Answer 30

- British companies wouldn't mass produce penicillin as they were too by with the war - however the American government saw the potential of penicillin in treating soliders - by 1944, there was enough penicillin to treat all the allied soldiers wounded on D-day

Question 31

problems with antibiotics

Answer 31

as they were used more and more, disease became resistant to them meaning scientists had to discover more antibiotics which could tackle new strands of bacteria

Question 32

Vaccination campaigns

Answer 32

since the 1940s, the government has run large campaigns to vaccinate children against disease

Question 33

what was the first vaccination campaign about

Answer 33

1942, Diphtheria, people felt that the crowded conditions in air raid shelters would cause an epidemic -due to the vaccination Diphtheria cases fell

Question 34

what was the second vaccination campaign about

Answer 34

1950s, Polio, when a famous footballer died from Polio so demand became so high it had to be flown in from America

Question 35

what Government laws were passed designed to help people be healthier

Answer 35

- clean air acts - smoking banned from all workplaces in 2007 - food packaging must display nurtitional values to encourage people to eat healthier

Question 36

healthy lifestyle campaigns

Answer 36

-fundig large advertising campaigns which warned people about the dangers of smoking, bad diet and set up things like 'Stoptober' and 'Change for life'

Question 37

Lung cancer is the __ most common cancer

Answer 37

2nd

Question 38

about __% of lung cancer cases are from smokers

Answer 38

85%

Question 39

not until 19___s they realised lung cancer was linked to ___

Answer 39

1950s | smoking

Question 40

new technology helped with diagnosing lung cancer

Answer 40

CT scans - see with detail inside the body patients injected with dye so lungs show up on scan Bronchoscope - put into lungs to take a cell sample for testing

Question 41

treating lung cancer

Answer 41

removing all or part of the lung lung transplant radiotherapy (shrinking cancer with radiation chemotherapy (shrinking cancer with drugs)

Question 42

scientists are working on a ___ treatment for lung cancer

Answer 42

genetic

Question 43

preventing lung cancer

Answer 43

- cigarette advertising banned since 2005 - smoking banned from all workplaces since 2007 - legal age to buy tobacco was raised to 18 in 2007 - made illegal to smoke in car that had a child in it in 2015 - government made cigarettes more expensive making people less likely to buy them

Question 44

there is also a focus on ___ ___ ___ ___ so that is a better chance of treating it

Answer 44

sporting lung cancer early