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Modernity and Globalization Flashcards

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1
Q

A set of social processes that appear to signal a progressive transition from a “pre-modern” or “traditional” to a “modern” society.

A

Modernization

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2
Q

Conditions and outcomes that are generated by the interaction of a number of deeply structured processes of change taking place over long periods.

A

Modernity

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3
Q

A set of social processes that appear to transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one of globality; human lives played out in the world as a single place; redefining landscape of sociopolitical processes and social sciences that study these mechanisms.

A

Globalization

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4
Q

A concept referring to people’s growing awareness or consciousness of belonging to a global community

A

Global imaginary

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5
Q

Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional parameters of understanding within which people imagine their shared existence.

A

Global imaginary

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6
Q

Political characteristic of modern society.

A
  1. dominance of secular forms of political power and authority
  2. conceptions of sovereignty and legitimacy, operating within defined territorial boundaries
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7
Q

Social characteristic of modern society.

A
  1. decline of the traditional social order, with its fixed social hierarchies
  2. the appearance of a dynamic social and sexual division of labor.
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8
Q

In modern capitalist societies, sexual division of labor is characterized by?

A
  1. new class formations

2. distinctive patriarchal relations between men and women

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9
Q

Primary proponent of structural functionalist perspective.

A

Emile Durkheim

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10
Q

Epitome of modernity according to a structural functionalist perspective.

A

Extensive specialization (division of labor)

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11
Q

A type of social integration (solidarity) characterized by commonality on values and beliefs among its members.

A

Mechanical solidarity

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12
Q

A type of social integration (solidarity) that arises out of the need of individuals of one another’s services.

A

Organic solidarity

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13
Q

True or False. According to a structural functionalist perspective, modernity shifts social integration from organic to mechanical solidarity.

A

False. Due to extensive division of labor comes the interdependence of one another’s services.

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14
Q

State of normlessness that occurs when society’s previous moral values, standards or guidance for individuals to follow disintegrates due to rapid change in the societal climate.

A

Anomie

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15
Q

What drives modernity/change according to a structural functionalist perspective?

A

Evolution

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16
Q

Primary proponent of conflict perspective.

A

Karl Marx

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17
Q

In a conflict perspective, modernity is epitomized by what?

A

Capitalist economy

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18
Q

What drives modernity/change according to a conflict theory perspective?

A

Revolution. Seeding from economic inequality between the capitalist and workers.

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19
Q

What is the downside of modernity according to conflict perspective?

A

Alienation

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20
Q

Primary proponent of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective.

A

Max Webber

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21
Q

Modernity is epitomized by what according to symbolic interactionist perspective?

A

Rationality

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22
Q

Ability to deliberate matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task.

A

Rationality

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23
Q

What is the downside of modernity according to the symbolic interactionist perspective?

A

Immense bureaucratization (e.g. when we always try to rationalize and put too much structure to everyday living, it becomes problematic)

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24
Q

Modernity/change, according to Symbol Interactionist Theory, is brought about by?

A

Interaction

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25
According to this theory, technological and cultural differences between nations as the root cause of global inequality.
Modernization Theory
26
According to modernization theory, what is the greatest barrier to economic development?
Tradition
27
True or False. Modernization theory views modernization is viewed as a progressively linear process (Rostow's stages).
True
28
Rostow's stages
1. Traditional 2. Pre-condition for take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to maturity 5. High mass consumption
29
According to this theory, historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones as the root cause of global inequality.
Dependency theory
30
True or False. Colonization that helped develop rich nations also developed poor societies according to dependency theory
False.
31
Primary proponent of the Capitalist World Economy model.
Immanuel Wallerstein
32
Central idea of dependency theory.
Capitalist world economy by Immanuel Wallerstein
33
Modernity as an unavoidable force.
Giddens
34
What is the defining property of modernity according to Giddens?
Disembedment from time and space
35
In his perspective, modern societies are more reflexive and aware; people enjoy more choices due to flexibility of law and public opinion.
Giddens
36
According to this perspective, modernity ushers in the risk society (i.e. a society increasingly preoccupied with the future).
Beck
37
According to this perspective, unintended consequences of modernity create uncertainties and generate hazards and insecurities.
Beck
38
The ease and frequency with which media and migrants cross borders is producing new ways of imagining and creating alternatives to the nation-state.
Appadurai
39
According to this theory, increasingly transnational nature of cultural groups occasions the decline of the nation-state
Appadurai (Diasporic public sphere)
40
Modernity as a trade off.
Liquid Modernity (Bauman 2000)
41
Society has agreed to forego a level of freedom in order to receive the benefits of increased individual security.
Liquid modernity
42
Consists of people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
Society
43
Society is composed of different groups who have their own interest which they try to protect.
Karl Marx's definition of society
44
Society is defined by ideas/modes of thinking.
Max Webber's definition of society
45
Society is defined by a type of solidarity (organic).
Emile Durkham's definition of society
46
Society is defined by levels of society.
Gerhard Lenski
47
According to Lenski, what holds society together?
Shared culture
48
What drives modernity/change according to Lenski?
Technology
49
True or False. According to Lenski, there are five types of society that are characterized by the technology that they have.
True
50
The type of society according to Lenski characterized by the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation.
Hunting and gathering society
51
True or False. Hunting and gathering society is usually large in population.
False. The means of acquiring resources does not allow a large population (30 people or less).
52
The type of society according to Lenski characterized by the integration of horticulture and pastoralism as means of acquiring resources.
Horticultural and pastoral society
53
True or False. Horticultural and pastoral bands are usually larger in population than hunting and gatethering society.
True
54
The use of hand tools to raise crops.
Horticulture
55
The domestication of animals.
Pastoralism
56
The type of society according to Lenski characterized by large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.
Agricultural society
57
The type of society according to Lenski characterized by the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.
Industrial society
58
The type of society according to Lenski characterized by the production of information using computer technology.
Postindustrial society
59
True or False. According to Lenski, societies that are simple in technology tend to reveal striking cultural diversity, and more technologically complex societies resemble one another.
False. simple societies tend to resemble one another, and more complex societies reveal striking cultural diversity.
60
True or False. Modernity has been experienced to the same extent at the individual and community levels.
False. Modernity has not been experienced to the same extent at the individual and community level.
61
Reduction of diversity due to diffusion, popularity, or dominance of one culture.
Homogenization
62
True or False. Despite the global imaginary, the idea of belonging in one global community, the polarity amongst countries and their politics still persists.
True
63
True or False. Modernity cannot be understood in terms of a single driving force. It is not just economics OR politics OR socio-cultural.
True
64
True or False. Modernity has to be understood as a normative process of meaning-making; has ideological and political dimensions.
True
65
True or False. Over time, as society modernized, so did forms of social control and surveillance
True
66
A new framework of ideas about human beings, society, and nature was created during what era?
Enlightenment
67
True or False. Existing conceptions prior to enlightenment are rooted to a traditional worldview, dominated by Christianity.
True
68
Changes that occurred during the enlightenment.
1. Confidence in humanity's intellectual powers. 2. Lesser degree of trust in older forms of traditional authority. 3. The natural world as one governed by mathematical and scientific laws. 4. A cultural movement
69
It was a unique period of European intellectual history (first to third quarter of the 18th century) which challenged the Ancien Regime with New Ideas similar to how the earlier movements of Renaissance c. 1350-1550, Reformation c. 1517-1648, and the Scientific Revolution c. 1600-1700.
The enlightenment
70
True or False. The Enlightenment movement consisted of ideas and writings of a diverse group of freethinkers ("philosophes") and was geographically centered in France but the Enlightenment movement branched out to other neighboring countries.
True
71
Basic elements of enlightenment
1. Anti-clericalism 2. Belief in the pre-eminence of empirical, materialist knowledge 3. Enthusiasm for technological and medical progress 4. Desire for legal and constitutional reform
72
The Enlightenment movement aimed to demolish and replace established forms of knowledge dependent on religious authority. It largely challenged the traditional role of the clergy as keepers and transmitters of knowledge.
Anti-clericalism
73
During the Enlightenment, science was viewed as the supreme form of knowledge. It created secure truths based on observation and experiment. Science also generated in-depth explanations based on reason and experience and it can be applied to all domains of life.
Belief in the pre-eminence of empirical, materialist knowledge
74
A product of collaboration among members of a learned society committed to the pursuit of knowledge.
The Encyclopédie
75
An attribute of the Encyclopédie rooted in the attempt to organize and order knowledge and information.
Instructive and grand
76
All human knowledge could be reconstructed | through its use should the need arise.
Encyclopédie being universalistic
77
There was an increased receptiveness to the notion that the application of reason to the affairs of man would encourage progress.
Enthusiasm for technological and medical progress.
78
Enthusiasm for technological and medical progress also led to what?
creation of secular and cross-cultural forms of communication
79
A critique of French absolutism and admiration for the British constitution, with its established liberties (French Revolution as a classic case study), fueled the Enlightenment.
Desire for legal and constitutional reform
80
True or False. The Enlightenment also influenced the American Revolution and the War of Independence
True
81
Known for his conception of the universality of human nature and its implication on equality.
David Hume
82
Known for his freedom of thought and expression, tolerance, and separation of powers
Voltaire
83
This new branch of science demonstrated concern for moral issues and the desire to free moral philosophy from its reliance on theology.
Moral science
84
The notion that cause and effect sequences in the natural world fully explain social phenomena.
Naturalism
85
Preventing value-judgments from unduly influencing the empirical study
Control of prejudice
86
Two distinct characteristics of social sciences.
1. The use of scientific method | 2. cultural relativism
87
The belief that scientific knowledge of human affairs could be directly applied to the transformation of human institutions (knowledge as an agent of social change).
The use of scientific method
88
The notion that there is no single culture that could provide a standard of perfection by which to judge others. Human nature is uniform and varied only in response to certain local conditions and particular circumstances.
Cultural relativism
89
Political apparatuses, distinct from both ruler and ruled, with supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated territorial area, backed by a claim to a monopoly of coercive power, and enjoying a minimum level of support or loyalty from their citizens.
State
90
Collection and storing of information and the supervision of populations.
Surveillance
91
The transition from the absolutism of the monarchy to state absolutism is marked by?
Expansion for the capacity for surveillance
92
A milestone for sovereignty and inter-state integration, marked the emergence of a world community of sovereign states which recognize no superior authority.
model of Westphalia
93
The Westphalian model of sovereignty was characterized by?
1. right to self-determination 2. legal equality between states 3. national interest reigns supreme 4. principle of non-interference among sovereign states
94
It means observance of exact borders which are fixed.
Territoriality
95
It necessitated the “pacification of peoples” or the breaking down of rival centers of power and authority in the nation-state
Control of the means of violence
96
A legally circumscribed structure of power with supreme jurisdiction over a territory. Challenges the notion that political rights, obligations, and duties are tied to property rights, religion, and claims of nobility.
Impersonal structure of power
97
It necessitated the erosion of claims to “divine right” or “state right.” “Peoples” as active citizens of the new order rather than mere dutiful subjects of the “emperor” or “monarch”.
Legitimacy
98
Reasons why nation-states preeminent.
1. War and militarism | 2. Capitalism
99
The ability of states to secure and strengthen their power bases and order their affairs, internally and externally. This also meant having the ability to organize means of coercion and deploy the military.
War and militarism
100
True or False. The development and maintenance of a coercive capability were central to the development of the state.
True

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