Module 01: Matter Flashcards
1
Q
What does the field of chemistry study?
A
Study of the composition and structure of materials Investigate phenomena ex: climate change
2
Q
What is science?
A
Anything based on empirical observation Characteristics: 1. Observable 2. testable 3. replicable 4. reliable 5. flexible
3
Q
What are empirical observations?
A
Empirical Observation: observation verified by experiments/experience rather than theory
Most be measurable (not an opinion or belief)
4
Q
Describe each of the characteristics of science:
- Observable
- Testable
- replicable
- reliable
- flexible
A
Observable [1]
Attempt to explain natural phenomena
analyzing and observing
Testable [2]
Test (experimentation) > must product empirical evidence (measurable)
Replicable [3]
Empirical evidence can be replicated or verified
same conditions
Reliable [4]
More times is repeated (and works)
when there is no bias
Flexible [5]
New evidence must be able to be added to old evidence
5
Q
What are two things you can look for to determine if a question can be answered by science?
A
includes empirical evidence
demonstrates replication and repetition
6
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
“Series of steps to investigate a question and test ideas”
7
Q
What type of question can the scientific method attempt to answer?
A
Tangible questions that can be measured. Not opinions
8
Q
Research: Why is it useful to do background research before you write and test a hypothesis?
A
In order to find information that can assist in the testing hypothesis part of the process
9
Q
Hypothesis: What is a hypothesis, and why is it important to a scientific investigation?
A
Prediction of tentative explanation based on observation
use if/then statements
10
Q
What is an independent variable? Give some examples from hypotheses and investigations.
A
- a factor that changes in the experiment
- good test only one at a time
Ex:
- CO2
- Water
11
Q
What is a dependent variable?
A
Changes in response to the independent variable (ex: growth
12
Q
What are controlled variables, and why are they important?
A
Controlled variables are the variables that are not altered by the experiment (sunlight). They need to stay constant in order to test the tested variable
13
Q
What are characteristics of “bad” science?
A
- no control
- bias
- no repeats
14
Q
A
15
Q
Define Mass:
A
Anything With Mass and volume
16
Q
Define volume:
A
“Amount of space a substance takes up”
17
Q
Define mass and how it compares to weight:
A
Mass:
“The amount of matter in an object”
Mass vs. Weight:
weight: how the force of gravity is acting on it
18
Q
What are the three systems of measurement?
A
- US Customary system (English System)
- Metric System
- International System of Measurement (SI)
19
Q
Define Dimension analysis:
A
Relationship between different quantities by identification of their units of measurement & converting these quantities
20
Q
Define Conversion factor:
A
Factor used to multiply/divide a quantity when converting. The units cancel out
21
Q
What is the measurement system for volume?
A
cubic cm
22
Q
Fluid ounces are a metric unit for volume. (2 points)
- True
- False
A
False
23
Q
If a recipe calls for 0.800 kg of flour, how many ounces of flour does it need?
(1 lb = 16 oz, 1 lb = 0.454 kg) (3 points)
- 5.81 oz
- 11.0 oz
- 28.2 oz
- 227 oz
A
28.2 oz
24
Q
If an object has a density of 0.55 g/mL, what is its density in cg/L? (3 points)
- 0.0055 cg/L
- 55 cg/L
- 550 cg/L
- 55,000 cg/L
A
55,000 cg/L
25
What volume is equivalent to 14,000 mm3? (3 points)
* 1.4 x 10‒5 m3
* 1.4 x 10‒2 m3
* 1.4 x 102 cm3
* 1.4 x 106 cm3
1.4 x 10‒5 m3
26
How many kilograms are in a 50-pound luggage bag?
Use 1 pound = 0.45 kg (3 points)
* 22.5 kg
* 55 kg
* 90 kg
* 111.11 kg
* 22.5 kg
27
What is potential energy? (3 points)
1. The energy of change
2. The energy of position or composition
3. The energy of mass or volume
4. The energy of motion
The energy of position or composition
28
What energy transfer is occurring when a battery-powered toy rolls across the floor? (3 points)
1. Stored mechanical energy is converted to thermal energy.
2. Stored mechanical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
3. Stored chemical energy is converted to thermal energy.
4. Stored chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
Stored chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy.
29
Type of energy in:
## Footnote
a.
A ball at the top of a hill
b.
Fission and fusion
c.
X‒rays and light
d.
A compressed spring
a. Gravitational energy
b. Nuclear energy
c. Radiant energy
d. Stored mechanical energy
30
When the temperature of a sample of neon gas increases, what else increases? (3 points)
1. Distance between the atoms
2. Kinetic energy of the atoms
3. Nuclear energy of the atoms
4. Size of the atoms
Kinetic energy of the atoms
31
Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat in a substance. (1 point)
- True
- False
False
32
How does a sample of water at 38 °C compare to a sample of water at 295 K? (3 points)
* The water at 38 °C has a lower average kinetic energy than the sample at 295 K.
* The water at 38 °C has faster-moving molecules than the sample at 295 K.
* The water at 38 °C has greater nuclear energy than the sample at 295 K.
* The water at 38 °C has larger molecules than the sample at 295 K.
* The water at 38 °C has faster-moving molecules than the sample at 295 K.
33
What best explains the type of energy present in natural gas? (3 points)
1. It is chemical energy, which is a type of kinetic energy.
2. It is chemical energy, which is a type of potential energy.
3. It is mechanical energy, which is a type of kinetic energy.
4. It is mechanical energy, which is a type of potential energy.
1. It is chemical energy, which is a type of potential energy.
34
Define energy (Joules):
ability to cause change or the ability to do work.
35
Define work:
Work: the process of causing matter to move against an opposing force
moves \<\> changing position
36
What are the two basic types of energy?
1. Kinetic energy
2. potential energy
37
What is potential energy:
Potential Energy:
energy due to position or composition
"stored energy" \> gasoline, food
can be converted
38
Define kinetic energy:
energy due to motion
39
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
"Energy can be converted from one form to another"
not created or destroyed
40
# Define heat:
How does it compare to temperature?
**Heat**: transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another, due to temperature difference between substances
In comparison,
**Temperature**: measure of the average kinetic energy (caused by vibration and movement of atoms)
heat caused molecules to move faster
41
What is the freezing and boiling point of Fahrenheit?
32° F
212°F
42
What is the freezing and boiling point of Celcius?
0°C and 100°C
43
What is the freezing and boiling point of Kelvin?
273.15 K and 373.15 K
44
How to convert between Kelvin and Celsius:
Kelvin to Celsius:
K - 273.15 = °C
Celsius to Kelvin:
°C + 273.15 = K
45
What phase of matter has particles that are held together but can flow past each other and takes the shape of a container, filling it from the bottom up? (3 points)
1. Gas
2. Liquid
3. Plasma
4. Solid
Liquid
46
What is generally true about the particles in a gas? (3 points)
1. Gas particles are closer together and have stronger attraction between them than the particles in a solid.
2. Gas particles are closer together and able to conduct electricity better than the particles in a plasma.
3. Gas particles are farther apart and able to conduct electricity better than the particles in a liquid.
4. Gas particles are farther apart and have weaker attraction between them than the particles in a solid.
Gas particles are farther apart and have weaker attraction between them than the particles in a solid.
47
Density is an intensive physical property because the density of a given substance does not change with the size of the sample. (2 points)
* True
* False
True
48
Which of the following is a chemical property? (3 points)
1. Boiling point
2. Electrical conductivity
3. Flammability
4. Malleability
Flammability
49
A student describes the motion of particles in each of the four different states of matter.
State 1: Particles that are charged move freely
State 2: Particles move freely at high speed
State 3: Particles are locked in place
State 4: Particles slide past one another
Which state describes solids? (3 points)
* State 1
* State 2
* State 3
* State 4
State 03
50
Four properties of water are listed.
1. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.
2. It reacts with metals to form metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
3. When heated to 100 °C, water evaporates.
4. It decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen.
Which are the physical properties of water? (3 points)
* 1 and 2
* 1 and 3
* 2 and 3
* 3 and 4
* 1 and 3
51
Define *Phase of Matter* and what are they?
The state in which matter is in
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
52
what are the properties of solids?
* hard/soft
* low compressibility
* maintain shape
53
What is the distinguishing quality of liquids?
They take the shape of the container
54
Characteristics of plasmas:
evenly spread in container
compressable
positively and negatively charged \> electrical and magnetic fields
not common on earth (unless human made)
55
Define the characteristics of gas
high compressibility
not held down by gravity
56
57
What is the difference between Extensive Properties and Intensive properties?
**[1] Extensive Property**
*dependent on a sample size*
shape, volume, length, mass
**[2] Intensive Property**
*independent on sample size*
* magnetism
* density
* melting and boiling points
* color
58
Define Physical Property:
"Observable and measurable change to the physical characteristic****s of matter"
without altering identity
59
Name 4 intensive properties:
1. magnetism
2. density
3. melting and boiling points
4. color
60
Name and describe the 9 physical properties of matter:
**Phase/State**
**Density**
**Ductility**
* Pulled or stretched
* metals can be stretched to make wire
**Malleability**
* Shaped, dented by force
**Solubility**
* Dissolve into other substances
**Melting point**
**Boiling point**
**Compressibility**
* Volume of matter decreases under pressure
**Electrical and thermal conductivity**
* Transmit electrical or heat through structure
* metals can
61
What are the different densities for HO2 in its different states?
How does this compare to most other substances?
Ice: 0.91 g/cm3
Water: 1.00 g/com3
Steam: 0.0006 g/cm3
_higher density in solid state than liquid state \> not water _
62
Define DENSITY:
Density: **measures the degree to which something is compacted, or in science terms, the quantity of mass per unit volume**
63
What is the formula for density? `
Density: Mass ÷ Volume
64
Define Chemical Properties:
Chemical Properties: _Substance potential undergo reaction or chemical change (because of composition or bonding)_
65
What are the 6 different types of Chemical Properti`es ?
1. Reactivity
2. Flammability
3. Toxicity
4. Heat of Combustion
5. Corrosion
6. Decomposition
66
Compare Physical change with chemical Change:
*_Physical Change:_*
* Change in substance without altering the composition
* chemical composition same
*Indicators:*
1. melting
2. boiling
3. freezing
4. condensing
5. breaking
6. dissolving/blending
**_Chemical Change:_**
* **Change in the substance produced different properties than the original**
* change molecular level
* new substance created
*Clues indicated chemical reaction:*
1. produce flames
2. color change
3. bubbling
4. temperature change
5. smoke
6. produce light
7. formation substance different state
67
What are the 6 indicators of physical change?
1. meling
2. boiling
3. freezing
4. condensing
5. breaking
6. dissolving/blending
68
What are the indicators that chemical change is occurring?
1. produce flames
2. color change
3. bubbling
4. temperature change
5. smoke
6. produce light
7. formation substance different state
69
What is evaporation and condensation, and how does it occur?
liquid and gas state
_Evaporation_: liquid to gas
_Condensation_: gas to liquid
* Water vapor condenses to create water droplets
Depends on energy in molecules → **energy transfer**
Solids and liquids: *_intermolecular forces_*
1. Temperature changes state
2. increases kinetic energy
3. overcome forces
4. state changes
70
What is melting and freezing and how does it occur?
changes between solid and liquid
**Melting**: solid enough energy → liquid
**Freezing**: liquid loses enough energy → solid
dependent energy
solids \> *vibrates* (not a lot of energy)
71
Define (and name an example) of sublimation and deposition:
**Sublimation**: solid → gas
dry ice
**Deposition**: gas → solid
frost
72
Which of the following is an example of a physical change? (4 points)
* Burning a piece of wood
* Cooking a hamburger
* Evaporating rubbing alcohol
* Rusting iron
Evaporating rubbing alcohol
73
What are the two types of matter?
1. Pure Substances
2. Mixtures
74
What is a pure substance? What are the two types (*explain)*?
1. Elements
2. Compounds
75
What are the two types of mixtures?
**Homogeneous [1]**
* Mixture with a different compound
* mixed unevenly
**Heterogeneous [2]**
* mixture different components mixed evenly
76
How can a mixture be separated into pure substances?
Physical means
77
What are the three types of homogeneous mixtures?
1. Colloids
2. Emulsions
3. Solutions
78
What is a colloid?
**microscopically insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance**
* can be heterogeneous
* milk, gel
79
What is a emulsion?
* mix 2+ liquids are normally not mixed
* need third substance to combine
## Footnote
*mayonnaise (need egg yolk combine oil and water)*
80
What is a **solution**?
gaseous, solids, liquids solutions
solute dissolved evenly within solvent
81
Define **compound**:
Compound: **two+ elements that combined = different physical and chemical properties**
* Compound: only separated by chemical means
82
Define a **mixture**:
Mixtures: **composed multiple compounds and elements (retain individual properties)**
83
Compare the composition of mixtures and compounds:
**Mixtures**: Varied composition (not set ratio)
**Compound**: Definitive composition (chemical formula
84
How can a **magnet** be used to separate mixtures?
magnet moves magnetic substance from other
85
How can filtration be used to separate mixtures?
Separates insoluble solids from liquids
solids remain behind in filtration paper
86
Name the 6 ways mixtures can be separated:
1. Magnet
2. Filtration
3. Evaporation
4. Distillation
5. Chromatography
6. Centrifuge
87
Air is an example of a mixture because the elements and compounds that make up air retain their individual properties. (4 points)
True
False
True
88
Which of the following correctly describes a compound? (4 points)
1. The atoms are bonded together, and the compound has different physical and chemical properties than the individual elements.
2. The atoms have no set ratio for how the atoms can combine, and they are not chemically bonded together.
3. The atoms can only combine in fixed ratios, and they retain their individual chemical and physical properties.
4. The atoms retain their individual chemical properties, and they can only be separated from each other by a chemical change.
The atoms are bonded together, and the compound has different physical and chemical properties than the individual elements.
89
What type of mixture is chicken noodle soup? (4 points)
1. A heterogeneous mixture, because the different components are mixed evenly within the substance
2. A heterogeneous mixture, because the different components are mixed unevenly within the substance
3. A homogeneous mixture, because the different components are mixed evenly within the substance
4. A homogeneous mixture, because the different components are mixed unevenly within the substance
A heterogeneous mixture, because the different components are mixed unevenly within the substance
90
Which of the following pairs of substances would best be separated using a centrifuge, and why? (4 points)
1. Cream and milk, because of their difference in density
2. Cream and milk, because of their difference in boiling point
3. Salt and water, because of their difference in magnetism
4. Salt and water, because of their difference in solubility
Cream and milk, because of their difference in density
91
During an experiment, iron powder and sulfur powder were mixed thoroughly and placed on a filter paper. When a magnet was moved below the filter paper, the iron fillings stood up vertically as they were attracted by the magnet. The sulfur powder showed no change in position. Which of the following correctly justifies the observation? (4 points)
1. Iron and sulfur formed a compound; therefore, they lost their individual properties.
2. Iron and sulfur formed a compound; therefore, they retained their individual properties.
3. Iron powder and sulfur powder combined physically; therefore, they lost their individual properties.
4. Iron powder and sulfur powder combined physically; therefore, they retained their individual properties.
Iron powder and sulfur powder combined physically; therefore, they retained their individual properties.
92
What are the 5 parts of a Lab Report?
[1] **_Title_**:
* Include name, teacher's name and date
* Title related to topic of research
[2] **_Objective_**(s):
* Purpose of the lab
* Empirical question being asked
[3] **_Hypothesis_**:
* Prediction statements
* explanation of outcome
* supported by background research
[4] **_Procedure_**:
* Steps
* material list
* numbered list of steps
* different variables
[5] **_Data_**
* Graphs to show findings
[6] **_Conclusion_**
* Summary and interpretation of data
93
94
Define controlled variables:
Remains constant throughout the experiment
95
Define "independent variable;"
test variable
Changes to see the effect on the other variables
96
What is the "dependent" variable?
outcome
Changes in response to the test variable
97
What is the difference between Accuracy and Precision?
**Accuracy**:
the closeness of a measurement to the true value
**Precision:**
consistency of a set of measurements made of the same quantity in the same way
98
Define Pseudoscience and name three examples:
_Pseudoscience_: the practice of belief claimed to be science → not follow scientific principles
* Astrology
* Phrenology
* Superstitions
99
What are the 4 components of **relatable science**?
1. Follows logic
2. peer review
3. Global access
4. Rules of evidence
100
What is a **Hypothesis?**
valid at the time, not supported empirical evidence
101
What is a **Theory**?
Theory: _set ideas attempt to explain_
* the culmination of many investigations
* tested and proven to be true
* subject to change
102
What is the **Spontaneous Generation Hypothesis**?
17th century
**though decaying meat turned into maggots and flies**
_1668_: Francesco Redi tested
* several jars with meat (some left unsealed)
* flies flew in and maggots go in
* *disproved*
103
What is the **Center of the Universe** Hypothesis?
Aristotle → Earth-centered model of the solar system (accepted for 1500 years)
Challenged in 1600s:
* telescopes advanced understanding
* Galileo and Newton → geocentric model
104
What is the **Big Bang Theory?**
Theory → uses evidence and scientific method
* origin of universe
* ever-expanding from hot-dense initial state
Evidence:
1. cosmic microwave background radiation through universe
2. some tests
varied success (unable to provide evidence associated with initial conditions of universe)
105
What is the **theory of General Relativity?**
Einstein's theory of relativity
the space-time around them is being curved by Earth's mass and making it appear like they are moving forward and orbiting Earth
106
