Module 06: Nutrition Throughout Lifespans Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
How is nutrition prior to pregnancy?
A
The woman who enters pregnancy with full nutrient stores, sound eating habits, and a healthy body weight has done much to ensure an optimal pregnancy.
2
Q
What can occur in the early weeks of pregnancy before many women are even aware that they are pregnant?
A
Significant developmental changes occur that depend on a woman’s nutrient stores.
3
Q
How should a woman prepare for a healthy pregnancy?
A
(A) Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
(B) Choose an adequate balanced diet
(C) Be physically active
(D) Receive regular medical care
(E) Avoid harmful influences
4
Q
Why is it important for women to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight when preparing for a healthy pregnancy?
A
Both underweight and overweight women, their newborns face increased risks of complications.
5
Q
Why is it important for women to choose an adequate and balanced diet when preparing for a healthy pregnancy?
A
Malnutrition reduces fertility and impairs the early development of an infant should a woman become pregnant.
6
Q
Why is it important for women to be physically active when preparing for a healthy pregnancy?
A
A woman who wants to become physically active when she is pregnant needs to become physically active beforehand.
7
Q
Why is it important for women to receive regular medical care when preparing for a healthy pregnancy?
A
Regular healthcare visits can help ensure a healthy start to pregnancy.
8
Q
Why is it important for women to avoid harmful influences when preparing for a healthy pregnancy?
A
Both maternal and paternal ingestion of or exposure to harmful substances (such as cigarettes alcohol drugs or environmental contaminants) can cause miscarriage or abnormalities, alter genes or their expression, and interfere with fertility.
Young adults who nourish and protect their bodies do so not only for their own sakes but also for future generations.
9
Q
When are human beings most vulnerable to the impact of poor nutrition?
A
The needs for many nutrients change at different stages of life. Human beings are most vulnerable to the impact of poor nutrition during periods of rapid growth.
10
Q
When is the period of most rapid growth?
A
The period of most rapid growth is that of the unborn child.
11
Q
What happens when the essential nutrients are not present to support growth during a critical time?
A
Permanent damage to the tissues and organs can occur.
12
Q
This is an act of scaling up the national and local health and nutrition programs through a strengthened integrated strategy for maternal, neonatal, child health and nutrition in the first one thousand (1000) days of life, appropriating funds thereof and for other purposes.
A
Republic Act 11148 (Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Mag-Nanay Act)
13
Q
This is considered as the golden window of opportunity where health, nutrition, and development foundations are established.
A
First 1000 days
14
Q
The first 1000 days consists of three (3) essential parts which are:
A
(A) 270 days of conception and pregnancy
(B) 365 days for the first year and
(C) Another 365 days for the second year of life
15
Q
How does the quality of nutrition during the First 1000 Days affect national and global development goals?
A
The quality of nutrition during the First 1000 Days can significantly impact national and global development goals.
16
Q
What are the benefits of good nutrition during the First 1000 Days?
A
Good nutrition maximizes a child’s ability to grow, learn, and develop, affecting their health, well-being, and success in adulthood.
17
Q
Why is the First 1000 Days crucial for both individual and national health?
A
What happens to the mother and child during the First 1000 Days has a lifelong impact on the individual’s health and well-being, as well as the overall health of the country.
18
Q
When do the First 1000 Days of life begin?
A
The First 1000 Days of life begin at conception.
19
Q
On whom does the growing fetus depend for optimal growth and development?
A
The growing fetus is dependent on the mother for nutrition to achieve optimal growth and development.
20
Q
What nutrients should a mother consume to ensure proper development for the baby?
A
The mother should consume an adequate and balanced diet with essential nutrients like iron, folic acid, and iodine.
21
Q
Why are nutrients like iron, folic acid, and iodine important during pregnancy?
A
These micronutrients are essential for normal cognitive and motor development and the development of social skills, with lifelong effects on the child.
21
Q
What period is covered by conception, pregnancy, and birth within the First 1000 Days?
A
Covers the first 270 days of the First 1000 Days.
22
Q
How can an expectant mother’s nutritional status affect pregnancy outcomes?
A
An expectant mother’s nutritional status can significantly affect the outcome of pregnancy, including the health of the baby and placenta.
23
Q
Why must a mother be well-nourished during the first month of gestation?
A
Helps ensure the formation of a healthy placenta.
24
When do the major organs of the embryo and fetus form, and why is nutrition critical during this period?
The major organs form within 2 to 3 months of conception, making nutrition critical for the child’s health during this period.
25
Where do the nutrients required for embryo and fetal development come from?
The required nutrients come from the mother’s diet or her body stores.
26
Do nutrient needs increase uniformly for all nutrients during pregnancy?
Nutrient needs increase more for certain nutrients than for others during pregnancy.
27
How can an expectant mother meet the increased nutrient demands of pregnancy?
Through abalanced diet that includes more nutrient-dense foods from each food group
28
Which nutrients are particularly needed during pregnancy for cell reproduction?
Folate and vitamin B12
29
This nutrient helps prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus.
Folate
30
How does maternal vitamin D deficiency affect the infant?
Maternal vitamin D deficiency interferes with calcium metabolism in the infant.
31
Why should pregnant women pay special attention to calcium intake?
All pregnant women, especially those younger than 25, need to ensure adequate calcium intake to support both their own and the baby’s bone health.
32
These are recommended for pregnant women to support increased blood volume and fetal growth.
Iron Supplements
33
What can large doses of iron interfere with during pregnancy?
Large doses of iron can interfere with zinc absorption and metabolism, but most prenatal supplements provide the right balance of these minerals.
34
These are known to provide a balanced amount of essential nutrients like iron and zinc, ensuring the health of both mother and baby without causing nutrient imbalances.
Prenatal Supplements
35
What are the different high risk pregnancy factors?
(A) Pregnancy BMI either <18.5 or >25
(B) Insufficient or excessive pregnancy weight gain
(C) Nutrient deficiencies or toxicities and eating disorders
(D) Poverty lack of family support and low level of education and limited food available
(E) Smoking alcohol or other drug use
(F) Teens especially 15 years or younger and women who are 35 years or older
(G) Many previous pregnancies (three or more to mothers younger than age 20; four or more to mothers age 20 or older)
(H) Short or long intervals between pregnancies (59 months)
(I) Previous history of problems
(J) Twins or triplets
(K) Low or high birthweight infants
(M) Development of gestational hypertension
(N) Development of gestational diabetes
(O) Diabetes, Hypertension, heart, respiratory and kidney disease, certain genetic disorders, special diets and medications
36
This is known as a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that male the birth likely be surrounded by problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, retarded growth, birth defects and early infant death.
High Risk Pregnancy
37
What are the conditions of high risk pregnancy?
(A) The more factors that apply, the higher the risk
(B) A woman with none of these factors is said to have a low risk pregnancy
38
All pregnant women, especially those in high risk categories, need what:
Need prenatal care, including dietary advice
39
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the baby?
7 to 8 pounds
40
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the amniotic fluid?
2 pounds
41
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the placenta?
1 and 1/2 pounds
42
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for increased blood volume?
3 to 4 pounds
43
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for increased fluid volume?
3 to 4 pounds
44
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the increased weight of the uterus?
2 pounds
45
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the breasts?
2 pounds
46
Under weight gain distribution in normal pregnancy, how much weight is distributed for the mother's fat stores?
6 to 8 pounds
47
How much weight is distributed in normal pregnancy?
25 to 35 pounds
48
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for an underweight woman (BMI < 18.5)?
An underweight woman (BMI < 18.5) should aim to gain 28-40 lbs, with a pattern of gaining 5 lbs in the first trimester and 1 lb per week thereafter.
49
What is the recommended weight gain for a woman with a healthy weight (BMI 18.5-24.9)?
A woman with a healthy weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) should gain 25-35 lbs, with 3 ½ lbs in the first trimester and 1 lb per week thereafter.
50
How much weight should an overweight woman (BMI 25.0-29.9) gain during pregnancy?
An overweight woman (BMI 25.0-29.9) should aim to gain 15-25 lbs, with 2 lbs in the first trimester and 2/3 lb per week thereafter.
51
What is the recommended weight gain for an obese woman (BMI > 30) during pregnancy?
An overweight woman (BMI 25.0-29.9) should aim to gain 15 lbs.
52
What are the risks associated with gaining more than the recommended weight during pregnancy?
Gaining more than recommended is associated with hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and cesarean delivery.
53
What are the risks associated with gaining less than the recommended weight during pregnancy?
Gaining less than recommended can lead to fetal growth retardation, low birth weight (LBW), and increased perinatal mortality.
54
Is the concept of "eating for two" valid for well-nourished mothers?
No, the concept of "eating for two" is not valid for well-nourished mothers, as it may lead to overweight.
55
What risks are underweight women before and during pregnancy more likely to face?
Underweight women before and during pregnancy are at greater risk of having a preterm birth or delivering a small for gestational age or low-birthweight baby.
55
What risks do overweight or obese women face during pregnancy?
Overweight or obese women are at increased risk of developing pregnancy-related complications such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia (large for gestational age baby), or fetal loss (miscarriage).
56
What are the consequences of inadequate food intake and low macronutrients during pregnancy?
Inadequate food intake, particularly low macronutrients like protein, is associated with complications such as increased cholesterol and blood sugar levels, obesity, and poor developmental outcomes in the child.
57
What developmental problems can result from inadequate nutrition during pregnancy?
Can lead to low cognitive functioning, attention deficit, and disruptive behavior problems in the child.
58
How can micronutrient deficiencies affect the child during pregnancy?
Can lead to long-term complications such as obesity, increased cholesterol, and developmental issues like poor cognitive functioning and behavior problems.
59
These can cause tiredness, breathing difficulty, palpitations, sleep problems, bleeding, reduced milk production, and postnatal depression.
Iron deficiency anemia
60
What effect can maternal anemia have on a newborn?
A baby delivered by an anemic mother may have low iron stores, resulting in iron deficiency anemia of the newborn, which affects energy metabolism and brain function.
61
What are some adverse perinatal outcomes associated with maternal anemia?
Adverse perinatal outcomes may include infection, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, and low birth weight, all of which increase mortality risks.
62
This poses a threat to the overall health and life of both the pregnant mother and her child, leading to complications such as anemia and congenital abnormalities.
Micronutrient deficiency
63
This is associated with abnormalities like anemia and peripheral neuropathy in the mother, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus, including spina bifida and anencephaly.
Folate deficiency
64
This condition is characterized when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly during pregnancy.
Spina Bifida
65
This condition is characterized as the absence of a significant portion of the brain, skull, and scalp—both are neural tube defects associated with folate deficiency.
Anecephaly
66
This can lead to maternal and fetal hypothyroidism, congenital anomalies, decreased intelligence, and maternal and fetal goiter.
Iodine deficiency
67
What is the most severe consequence of iodine deficiency?
The most severe consequence of iodine deficiency is cretinism, characterized by profound mental retardation.
68
This condition is characterized by profound mental retardation.
Cretinism
69
How much milk does a lactating woman need to produce daily?
A lactating woman needs enough energy and nutrients to produce about 25 ounces of milk a day, along with extra fluid.
70
What substances can reduce milk production or impair infant development?
Alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and drugs may reduce milk production or enter breast milk, impairing infant development.
71
How can a breastfeeding mother ensure she is nutritionally prepared?
(A) By continuing to eat nutrient-dense foods,
(B) Avoiding undue restriction of weight gain,
(C) And enjoying ample food and fluid at frequent intervals throughout lactation, a breastfeeding mother can ensure she is nutritionally prepared.
72
What are the suggestions for managing postpartum weight?
(A) Assess readiness to change
(B) Assess lactation status, dietary intake and activity levels.
(C) Assess for stress or depressive symptoms.
73
What is the first step in managing postpartum weight?
Assess readiness to change; many women may express a desire to lose weight but might not be ready to make necessary behavioral changes, such as avoiding high-fat foods, eating more fiber, and exercising regularly.
74
What factors should be assessed when managing postpartum weight?
Assess lactation status, dietary intake, and activity levels. Many women may overeat under the assumption that breastfeeding promotes weight loss, neglecting the importance of calorie intake.
75
Why is it important to assess for stress or depressive symptoms in postpartum weight management?
Assessing for stress or depressive symptoms is crucial because these factors can complicate weight management and hinder progress.
76
This is the progressive maturation and increase in size of a living thing.
Growth
77
What should an infant's birth weight do by 4 to 6 months of age?
An infant's birth weight should double by 4 to 6 months of age.
78
What should an infant's birth weight do by 1 year?
An infant's birth weight should triple by 1 year.
79
How much does an infant grow in length by age 1?
From a birth length of about 20 inches, an infant grows to about 30 inches by age 1.
80
This is a critical period for growth and development; it is the only time humans grow faster than during the 40 weeks before birth.
Infancy, the first year of life
81
What is the recommendation for breastfeeding starting from the first hour after birth?
It is best for the mother to exclusively breastfeed her baby for the first 6 months of life, providing only breastmilk and no other solids or liquids, except doctor-prescribed solutions or supplements.
82
What should an infant receive exclusively during the first 6 months?
The infant should receive only breastmilk from the mother, a wet nurse, or expressed breastmilk, with no other foods or drinks except prescribed oral rehydration solutions or vitamin/mineral supplements.
83
This contains various essential nutrients, antibodies, growth factors, and hormones that cannot be replicated by breastmilk substitutes.
Breastmilk
84
How does breastfeeding affect a child's cognitive development?
Breastfed babies tend to perform better in school and have higher IQs compared to non-breastfed counterparts; breastfeeding also supports sensory and emotional development crucial for cognitive and socioemotional growth.
85
These are critical as they provide essential nutrients and support healthy growth and development, with benefits that extend into later childhood and adulthood.
The first 6 months of breastfeeding
86
When should newborns be breastfed to initiate exclusive breastfeeding?
Newborns should be breastfed within 1 hour after birth to initiate exclusive breastfeeding.
87
What are the risks associated with failure to breastfeed?
Failure to breastfeed can lead to negative health consequences for the baby, including an increased risk of diseases.
88
What health issues are associated with mothers who do not breastfeed?
Mothers who do not breastfeed are at higher risk for developing premenopausal breast cancer, ovarian cancer, retained gestational weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and postpartum depression.
89
This is crucial for the health of both the infant and the mother, helping to prevent various health risks and promoting better outcomes.
Exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months
90
This component of breastmilk offers protection in the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, preventing pathogen adherence to the mucosa and protecting against invasive infections; they may also stimulate the infant's immune system.
Antibodies
91
This protective factor of breastmilk favors the growth of the "friendly" bacterium Lactobacillus bifidus in the infant's digestive tract, helping to prevent the establishment of harmful bacteria.
Bifidus factors
92
This protective factor of breastmilk regulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
Epidermal growth factor
93
This protective factor of breastmilk has anti-inflammatory properties and supports epithelial barrier function.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)
94
This protective factor of breastmilk inhibits the binding of pathogens to the intestinal mucosa.
Lactadherin
95
This protective factor of breastmilk prevents bacteria from obtaining the iron they need to grow, helps absorb iron into the infant's bloodstream, kills some bacteria directly, and has antiviral effects.
Lactoferrin
96
This protective factor of breastmilk together with lactoferrin, kills bacteria in the infant's gastrointestinal tract.
Lysozyme
97
This protective factor of breastmilk help establish and maintain the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent the binding of pathogens.
Oligosaccharides
98
What are the risks for infants who are not breastfed?
Infants who are not breastfed are at increased risk of developing infectious diseases such as acute ear infections, eczema, gastrointestinal infections (diarrhea and vomiting), asthma, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia.
98
They have a higher risk of childhood obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, leukemia, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Non-breastfed babies
99
They tend to have lower IQs compared to breastfed infants and may experience iron-deficiency anemia, which is associated with impaired cognitive development.
Formula-fed infants
100
These infants who do not receive breast milk are at increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, an infection and inflammation of the intestinal wall that can lead to serious complications.
Premature infants
101
This can decrease breast milk production, as supply is driven by frequent and effective breastfeeding in response to the baby’s feeding cues.
Mixed feeding (combining breastfeeding and formula feeding)
102
What preference may develop in babies who are mixed-fed?
Babies may develop a preference for bottle-feeding over breastfeeding, as feeding bottles release formula continuously, while breastfeeding requires the baby to suckle for milk to be let down.
103
What is the recommendation for feeding a baby at 6 months?
At 6 months, the baby should start receiving appropriate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed to meet nutritional requirements for growth and development.
104
This period is critical because deficiencies and illnesses can significantly contribute to undernutrition, particularly stunting.
6 months to 2 years
104
This is a proven intervention that can substantially reduce stunting during the first two years of life.
Appropriate complementary feeding
105
What are the components of Proper Complementary Feeding
(DDULLA acronym)?
(A) Frequency and Amount
(B) Variety
(C) Texture
(D) Safety
(E) Active feeding
106
These foods should be introduced at six months—not too early and not too late.
Complementary foods
107
Why is six months the appropriate age for introducing complementary foods?
At six months, the baby's digestive system is ready to receive additional foods beyond breast milk.
108
What should infants receive in terms of food quantity and frequency?
Infants should receive an adequate amount of complementary food with the prescribed frequency to provide sufficient energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for growth and development.
109
What is the importance of providing a variety of foods to infants?
A variety of foods should be given to infants to ensure an adequate diet and to meet nutritional needs.
110
What constitutes a minimum acceptable diet for infants?
The minimum acceptable diet is when an infant receives at least 5 of the 8 food groups daily with the prescribed feeding frequency.
111
What are the five to eight food groups under variety?
(A) Grains roots and tubers
(B) Legumes and nuts
(C) Milk and other dairy products
(D) Meat fish poultry liver and other organ meats
(E) Eggs
(F) Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables
(G) Other fruits and vegetables
(H) Breast mIlk
112
What characteristics should the first complementary foods have?
The first complementary foods should be soft, easy to digest, thick, and nutrient-dense to accommodate the baby's small stomach.
113
How is "thick" complementary food defined for infants?
For a 6-month-old, thick food, like lugaw (rice porridge), is considered thick if it does not flow easily and sticks when scooped with a spoon.
114
These are attributed to high nutrient density, ensuring infants receive adequate nutrition.
Viscous complementary foods
115
How does the texture of complementary foods change as the baby grows?
As the baby grows older, the texture of complementary foods progresses with the introduction of other food groups in the diet.
116
What additional benefits do varying food textures provide for infants?
Varying textures allow the baby to explore their senses and develop motor skills.
117
What safety measures should be observed when preparing complementary foods?
Food safety and sanitation should be practiced by ensuring all utensils and ingredients are clean, using correct cooking methods, and washing hands before feeding.
118
What precautions should be taken regarding leftover food?
Leftover food should not be given to the baby to prevent the risk of foodborne illnesses.
119
What cues should caregivers observe when feeding infants?
Caregivers should observe hunger cues and satiety signals when feeding the baby.
119
What should complementary feeding be considered for both caregiver and child?
Complementary feeding should be a fun and learning activity for both the caregiver and the child.
120
How should feeding time be conducted?
Feeding should be done slowly, patiently, and without distractions. It should involve active interaction, like talking and early education on shapes and colors, and should be a time of love, not fear.
121
What are the risks associated with poor complementary feeding practices?
Poor complementary feeding practices can lead to a weak immune system, stunted growth, and compromised intelligence.
122
What are the consequences of introducing complementary foods late (beyond 6 months)?
Late introduction can affect a baby's growth and development of eating behavior, increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, and lead to missed opportunities for readiness for semisolid/solid foods.
122
What are the consequences of introducing complementary foods too early?
Introducing complementary foods earlier than 6 months can replace breast milk, shorten the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and increase the risk of microbial contamination in foods and fluids given to the baby.
123
How can unsafe and contaminated complementary foods affect infants?
Consumption of unsafe foods and poor hygiene can increase the risk of infections and diarrhea, significantly impacting the nutritional status of children.
124
How does childhood growth compare to infancy and adolescence?
children typically growing 2 to 3 inches in height and gaining about 5 pounds annually before puberty.
125
What factors influence a child's eating habits?
A larger child generally eats more than a smaller one, an active child eats more than a quiet one, and a happy child tends to eat more than an anxious child
126
This is a period of more latent growth compared to infancy and adolescence,
Childhood
127
These children maintain a relatively constant intake for their age group, with children who are big eaters in second grade also being big eaters in sixth grade.
School-age children
128
What happens to growth during adolescence?
Growth slows in childhood, then increases dramatically during adolescence, matching the rapid growth rate of early infancy.
129
This is a period of physical, emotional, social, and sexual maturation
Adolescence
130
What percentage of adult height and weight is gained during adolescence?
Approximately 15% to 20% of adult height and 50% of adult weight are gained during this period.
131
What physiological changes occur during adolescence?
Fat distribution shifts, and sexual maturation takes place.
132
How do calorie and nutrient needs change during adolescence?
Calorie and nutrient needs increase, along with appetite, but the timing of these increases varies based on individual growth spurts.
133
Why is chronological age a poor indicator of nutritional needs in adolescents?
There are wide variations in the timing of growth spurts among individuals, making chronological age a less reliable indicator of physiological maturity and nutritional requirements
134
What are the strategies to prevent childhood overweight?
(A) Limit TV/computer game time to 2 hours/day.
(B) Encourage at least 1 hour of physical activity daily.
(C) Encourage 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
(D) Eat a healthy breakfast daily.
(E) Encourage family meals.
(F) Serve recommended portion sizes.
(G) Calculate and plot BMIs yearly.
(H) Advocate for healthful food choices in restaurants.
(I) Discourage consumption of empty kilocalories.
(J) Expand access to supermarkets with reasonably priced produce.
(K) Provide safe environments for physical activity.
135
This represents a wide age range.
Adulthood
136
This affects aging and longevity by playing a critical role in disease prevention. It helps maintain good health but cannot guarantee a long life without other factors.
Nutrition
136
What are the different nutritional needs of adults over 50, especially those over 70, compared to younger adults?
Adults over 50, and especially those over 70, have different nutritional needs than younger adults. Nutrition plays a significant role in disease prevention but cannot ensure a long and robust life on its own.
137
How does appropriate energy intake benefit adult health?
Appropriate energy intake helps prevent obesity, diabetes, and related cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. It may also influence the development of some forms of cancer.
138
What do adequate intakes of essential nutrients prevent?
Adequate intakes of essential nutrients prevent deficiency diseases such as scurvy, goiter, and anemia.
138
How does variety in food intake benefit health?
Variety in food intake, as well as ample intakes of certain fruits and vegetables, may provide protection against certain types of cancer.
139
How does moderation in sugar intake benefit dental health?
Moderation in sugar intake helps prevent dental caries.
140
What are the benefits of appropriate fiber intake?
Appropriate fiber intake may help prevent digestive tract disorders such as constipation, diverticulosis, and possibly colon cancer.
141
This helps prevent hypertension.
Moderate sodium intake, along with adequate intakes of potassium, calcium, and other minerals
142
This throughout life helps protect against osteoporosis.
Adequate calcium intake
143
Why do nutrient recommendations vary more among older adults than other age groups?
Health status, physiologic functioning, physical activity, and nutritional status vary more among older adults (especially those over 70 years) than in any other age group, making some nutrient recommendations less appropriate for all elderly individuals at all times.
144
How do calorie needs and nutrient requirements change with aging?
As people age, calorie needs generally decrease, but vitamin and mineral requirements stay the same or may increase.
