Module 1

Question 1

Principles of community development?

Answer 1

Core, Meso, Macro, Transcendental

Question 2

Principles: core?

Answer 2

empowerment, participation, collective action

Question 3

Principles: meso?

Answer 3

Local governance, gender awareness, sustainability

Question 4

Principles: macro?

Answer 4

State and society synergy, gender responsiveness, disaster risk management

Question 5

Principles: transcendental?

Answer 5

Spirituality

Question 6

What’s social change?

Answer 6

positive transformation of society that was deliberately pursued

Question 7

What’s critical consciousness?

Answer 7

in depth understanding of society wherein you see social and political inconsistencies. ideally, this would lead you to action to change those inconsistencies

Question 8

How to develop critical consciousness?

Answer 8

awareness of self, awareness of others, awareness of social issues, awareness of change agent

Question 9

Explain PH Govt: Bottom up Budgeting

Answer 9

community communicates to govt what they need and control what projects budget goes into

Question 10

Define participatory development

Answer 10

umbrella term for approaches that directly involve local people in the design and delivery of development initiatives, which could either be in the form of projects, programs, and partnerships.

Question 11

Possible problems with participatory development?

Answer 11

Community is too busy, not interested, explaining devt practitioners speciality, participate out of obligation not free will, withdraw mid project, and exclude some community members.

Question 12

Who is participating in community devt? Who should we prioritize helping?

Answer 12

The disadvantaged. The most vulnerable in a community usually have the least influence.

Question 13

Stakeholders who engagement is most important with?

Answer 13

Unaware, resistant, neutral, supportive, and leading

Question 14

What are development projects?

Answer 14

Something designed to deliver a specific time-bound output aiming to either improve the economic, political, social, cultural, and/or environmental conditions of a group of people.

A development project needs to respond to a series of different stakeholders, each with different needs and priorities, and operate in difficult environments, which increases its complexity and risk.

Question 15

5 phases of a development project?

Answer 15

Identification and Definition, Project Setup, Project Planning, Project Implementation, and Project Closure.

Question 16

What does MEAL stand for?

Answer 16

Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning

Question 17

Why should people know what they are participating in?

Answer 17

So they know how much of the development project is pre-decided and how much can still be influenced and determined by them.

Question 18

How do we measure how participatory a community is in their development?

Answer 18

Tools:

• Robyn Eversole’s (2015) Levels of Participation
• Sherry Arnstein’s ‘Ladder of Participation’
• the IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum
• Sarah White’s Typology of Participation

Question 19

Describe high participation and low participation.

Answer 19

high participation - community has high influence on decision making

low participation - community only serve interest of development practitioners

Question 20

What are development partnerships? What are the types?

Answer 20

2 or more orgs partner with one another with the common goal of development.

• Project partnerships
• Funding partnerships
• Strategic partnerships
• Governance partnerships

Question 21

What good do partnerships do?

Answer 21

• Practical benefits
• Efficiency gains
• Normative weight

Question 22

Possible inequities of partnerships?

Answer 22

• development organizations dominate the agenda
• communities express frustration at partnerships that start with a promise but fail to deliver
• a community partner appears to be ‘on board’ but in the end does not appear very interested in the goals of the partnership

Question 23

Partnership factor: Strategic Logic

Answer 23

an organization knows what they want

Question 24

Partnership factor: Notional Logic

Answer 24

respect for the way the other party does things

Question 25

Partnership factor: Relative power

Answer 25

recognition that each party has different levels of power

Question 26

What is power sharing and power reversal?

Answer 26

- refers to sharing influence through valuing the human, natural, and physical resources that community partners contribute to the partnership. - this means shifting the ‘terms of recognition’ from more powerful or influential members of the partnership to less powerful groups. This is what Robert Chambers calls putting the Last First and the First Last. (First refers to development professionals and Last refers to community members).