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PHAR110 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
the extent to which an individual is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs
change and cope with the environment

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2
Q

What was first report to promote health as factors outside of health care?

A

Lalonde Report
it promoted health as a combination of lifestyle, human biology, environment, and health care

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3
Q

What are the structural determinants of health?

A

socioeconomic and political context
=governance, macroeconomics, policies, culture and societal values
socioeconomic position
=social status, gender, ethnicity, education, income

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4
Q

What are the intermediary determinants of health?

A

material circumstances=physical environment, work conditions
behaviour and biological factors=personal health practices, genetics
psychosocial factors=coping skills, support networks
health services

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5
Q

True or false: your intermediary determinants of health are affected by your structural determinants of health

A

true

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6
Q

What is social status?

A

a persons rank or social position in relation to others
ones relative importance in society

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7
Q

How does social status affect our control over life circumstances?

A

it affects our capacity to act and make choices for ourselves (privilege comes with status)

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8
Q

True or false: ethnicity is a biological category

A

false, it is a social category

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9
Q

Does racial discrimination and exclusion result in poorer health status?

A

yes

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10
Q

How do we define gender?

A

the roles, personality traits, attitudes, relative power, behaviours, values, and influence that society attributes to females and males

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11
Q

What are the benefits of education?

A

income and job security
improves health literacy
equips people with coping skills

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12
Q

Give an two examples of what an educated person is more likely to do and less likely to do.

A

educated: exercise regularly, avoid STIs
non-educated: smoke, highly stressed

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13
Q

What are the benefits of higher income?

A

adequate housing
nutritious food
more choice
control over decisions affecting your life
consequences of crisis can be mitigated by financial resources

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14
Q

True or false: social status, education, and income are strongly associated with a persons level of health

A

very true

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15
Q

What is social cohesion?

A

sense of oneness

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16
Q

What is social capital?

A

extent to which you can mitigate social situations

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17
Q

What are some risk factors related to employment and working conditions?

A

stress, control, interaction with co-workers, physical safety, job demands

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18
Q

Which type of workers will typically be under valued/appreciated?

A

homemakers and voluntary work

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19
Q

What are the most common decisions that lead to health problems?

A

smoking
alcohol and drug use
poor nutritional habits
lack of exercise

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20
Q

True or false: biology and genetics guarantee good health

A

false, they can influence it but they do not guarantee anything
environment and genetics interact

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21
Q

What are coping skills?

A

the internal resources used to handle outside influences and pressures, the + and - ways we deal with a problem

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22
Q

When is the foundation laid for coping skills?

A

childhood

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23
Q

What are some examples of social support networks? What do they help us do?

A

family, friends, communities
help us to deal with difficult situations, control stress, provide for our needs

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24
Q

Where are we more likely to find low birth-weight babies?

A

in low income families

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25
Q

True or false: health services can contribute to poorer health

A

true, iatrogenic disease

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26
Q

What is public health?

A

promoting and protecting the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work, and play
track disease outbreaks, prevent injuries, and understand why some are more likely to suffer from poor health than others

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27
Q

What are the two big components of public health?

A

prevent people from getting sick
promote wellness

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28
Q

What are some public health activities?

A

research
vaccinating
educating about harmful substances and practices
nutrition programs

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29
Q

What kind of society do we live in?

A

pluralistic (allowing various opinions to exist)

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30
Q

True or false: disease and illness are largely attributed to the choices that people make

A

true

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31
Q

What are some factors that affect individual choice?

A

media and advertising
competing societal goals

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32
Q

What are the three manners in which intervening is acceptable?

A

educate: lack of info is inhibiting individuals from behaving in their best interest
engineer: (re)design or manipulate the environment to reduce risk or harm
enforce: make rules and regulations

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33
Q

What is the least restrictive alternative of intervening?

A

educating (we have to respect the right to choice)

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34
Q

What is health promotion?

A

the process that enables individuals, families, and communities to increase control of their lives and improve their health

35
Q

What can health services do?

A

address health-threatening behaviours
educate about health risks/healthy choices
ensure the safety of food, water, and air
maintain/improve health status and independence
support community development

36
Q

What are the health promotion strategies defined in the Ottawa Charter?

A

build healthy public policy
create supportive environments
strengthen community action
develop personal skills
re-orient health services

37
Q

What does public policy shape?

A

how money, power, and material resources flow through society

38
Q

True or false: there is no link between health and environment

A

false

39
Q

How can we strengthen community action?

A

empower the community
give communities greater control over the setting of priorities, decision-making, planning, and implementation

40
Q

What is the goal of creating supportive environments?

A

environments that are safe, stimulating, and satisfying

41
Q

How can we help develop peoples personal skills?

A

providing information and education for health and enhancement of skills

42
Q

What are the health system reform objectives?

A

increase effectiveness and efficiency
partnership among providers and users
support the needs of the whole person
shift the focus from treating disease to improving health

43
Q

Why is the participation of pharmacy in public health quite limited?

A

lack of training in population-based services
few public health role models

44
Q

True or false: pharmacists are well positioned to provide public health services

A

true
pharmacies are found in most communities, easily accessible, and open extended hours

45
Q

What are some public health activities suited for pharmacy involvement?

A

promoting vaccination programs
administer vaccines
emergency preparedness
early recognition of unusual disease patterns
family planning services
prevent and control disease & injury

46
Q

How can pharmacies identify early recognition of unusual disease patterns?

A

otc sales

47
Q

How can pharmacists prevent and control disease & injury?

A

prevention: sales of condoms to reduce STIs
behaviour modification: smoking cessation clinics
early detection of disease

48
Q

What hinders the public health image of pharmacists?

A

the commercial nature of pharmacies

49
Q

How can we improve the physical design of pharmacies?

A

window displays for relevant health issues
accessible to those with disabilities
space for private counselling
contact info for support groups or health agencies

50
Q

What are some barriers to participation of pharmacists in public health?

A

physical design of the pharmacy
lack of information/training
time constraints
lack of reimbursement
lack of management support

51
Q

True or false: it is easy to justify giving a higher priority to non-traditional activities in the pharmacy

A

false

52
Q

True or false: those infected with HIV/AIDS are socially marginalized

A

true
sex workers and PWID

53
Q

How much higher is the rate of HIV/AIDS infection among PWID compared to the general population?

A

59x greater

54
Q

How can we help in spreading awareness of AIDS/HIV?

A

stop judging
accept that PWID are unlikely to stop
encouraging individuals to engage in safer sex and drug use practices

55
Q

What is our role in harm reduction?

A

keeping people safe while they engage in dangerous activities

56
Q

What are the principles of harm reduction in association with PWID?

A

reducing harm rather than drug use
accepting that drugs are part of society
focusing on immediate and achievable goals

57
Q

What are some IDU harm reduction strategies?

A

information + counselling on safe needle usage
needle exchange
safe injection sites
methadone clinics
referral to social services

58
Q

What are the barriers to access of harm reduction strategies for PWID?

A

limited number of locations and hours
clean needles are often not accessible at night (greatest demand)
it requires persistent outreach

59
Q

True or false: in the early 1990s it was viewed as professional to encourage the sale of needles or syringes

A

false
it was viewed as unprofessional

60
Q

By the late 1990s, what were the majority of Canadian pharmacies willing to provide to PWID?

A

syringe disposal services

61
Q

Today, is intravenous drug use seen as a health or criminal issue?

A

health issue

62
Q

Describe the Black Report.

A

The Black Report looked at mortality rates across a variety of social classes. It showed the lowest class or “unskilled” to have the highest mortality rate. This shows the link between lower strata and mortality.

63
Q

Describe the Whitehall Study.

A

The Whitehall Study is a study that looked at the gradient in mortality across different social classes. Again, the lowest level or in this case the “other” had the highest mortality rate. This study also looked systolic and diastolic blood pressure at home and at work for the high grade class and low grade class. It showed both classes to have roughly the same systolic and diastolic blood pressure at work. However, at home the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the lower class stayed elevated. This shows how the higher class are more in control of their lives.

64
Q

Describe the Ten-year Mortality Risk.

A

a study showing the link between mortality and smoking amongst different social classes. A lifetime non smoker of the lowest class had a higher chance of mortality than a lifetime smoker of the highest class. This again shows the control that the higher class over their lives.

65
Q

What are different socioeconomic positions associated with?

A

differential exposure to health damaging behaviours
differential exposure and vulnerability means differential levels of disease and injury

66
Q

What do those with lower social position often lack?

A

they lack the capacity to mitigate health, social, and economic effects of disease and injuries

67
Q

The interaction of biology and behaviour is important, but what else must we consider?

A

we need to consider the environments in which people work, live, and play that modify the effects of behaviour and biology
as well as the social, economic, and political conditions that allow these environments to persists

68
Q

What makes up the physical environment of a person? Give an example for each that would correlate with poor health.

A

natural environment (atmospheric pollutants, climate change, resource depletion)
hazardous waste (old industrial sights)
human-built environments (poor housing, hazardous work conditions, food deserts, poor roads, lack of transit)

69
Q

True or false: biology and genetics guarantee good health

A

false
they influence, but don’t guarantee good health
have to take into consideration the environment

70
Q

Describe the poverty cycle.

A

child grows up in poverty–>child is disadvantaged in education and skills–>struggles to get a job–>fail to escape poverty cycle–>family in poverty

71
Q

True or false: there is a relationship between having access to preventive and primary care services and better health population

A

true

72
Q

How do media and advertising effect individual choice?

A

they tend to confirm and re-enforce notions about drinking, drugs, and smoking
they re-enforce poor individual choices and counter health promoting messages that threaten profitable choices

73
Q

How does competing societal goals effect individual choice?

A

unhealthy behaviours can represent a risk to individuals but they can be profitable for some and tied to economic well-being

74
Q

When is society allowed to intervene?

A

individuals are likely to adversely affect others
individuals are being misled or subject to inappropriate persuasion
individuals indicate a desire to change but have difficulty doing so on their own

75
Q

What are the forms of health promoting public policies?

A

legislation-acceptable behaviours (reward-punishment model)
fiscal measures-public funding (we will support x but not y)
taxation-(dis)incentives (taxing booze)
organizational change-advance priorities (in HC the focus is on acute care but we can change our priority to prevent acute care)

76
Q

To empower a community, what must the community have?

A

full and continuous access to information
learning opportunities for health
funding

77
Q

Personal skills can increase the options available to people. Why is this important?

A

people with options can exercise greater control over their own health and environment and make healthy choices

78
Q

What is the downside of most appropriate public health policies?

A

most tend to focus on the young (STIs) and middle aged (cholesterol, smoking)
the elderly tend to be ignored!!!!!

78
Q

What will happen without appropriate health policies?

A

more individuals will experience chronic disease and longer periods of diminished vigour
the need for medical and social services will increase substantially

79
Q

What will happen with appropriate policies for the elderly?

A

prevent/delay persons with chronic disease from becoming ill and disabled
enhance the capacity of the disabled to cope to reduce the need for specialized assistance

80
Q

What is the difference between being passive and proactive in promoting vaccination programs?

A

passive: signage and pamphlets informing patients
proactive: identifying at-risk individuals and groups from their medication profiles

81
Q

Explain the lack of info/training in public health for pharmacy.

A

little time is spent on public health issues and solutions in the curricula
training and practice focus is acute care
few opportunities

82
Q

Explain how lack of reimbursement is a barrier to public health in pharmacy.

A

pharmacies are paid to dispense
health promotion is removed from the dispensing process
insurance tends not to provide coverage (financial barrier to patients)

83
Q

How can community pharmacies make a major contribution to harm reduction?

A

open display and sale of condoms
counselling on safe-sex practices
providing/selling and counselling on safe injection drug use
safe disposal of used needles
source of naloxone and assay kits
methadone

PHAR110 (7 decks)

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