Module 1

Question 1

How is language organised

Answer 1

Sentences contain phrases made up of words. Words are made of morphemes which are made from phenomes.

Question 2

What is a phoneme

Answer 2

A single unit of sound humans make for speech.

Question 3

What is a morpheme

Answer 3

Smallest language units that carry meaning (combination of 1 or more phonemes).

Question 4

What is a bound morpheme

Answer 4

Prefixes and suffixes - eg Un has no meaning unless bound to other morphemes

Question 5

What is an unbound morpheme

Answer 5

Words that dont require other morphemes for meaning

Question 6

What is a content word

Answer 6

Convey meanings and key concepts of sentences - relies on semantic processing

Question 7

What is Brocas aphasia

Answer 7

Doesnt use function words so poor sentence structure and syntax. No issue in understanding.

Question 8

What is Wernickes aphasia

Answer 8

Fluent speech but no content words. Good syntax and lots of function words but sentences have no meaning.

Question 9

What syntax word order does english use

Answer 9

SVO - subject, verb, object

Question 10

What is a proposition

Answer 10

A statement that expresses an idea - eg the zebra that bit the giraffe

Question 11

What is surface structure

Answer 11

The syntax or organisation of words

Question 12

what is deep structure

Answer 12

the semantics or deep meaning of a sentence

Question 13

What is an ambiguous sentence

Answer 13

a sentence with 1 surface structure but 2 different deep structures - eg I saw the zebra flying over africa. A sentence can have one deep structure but 2 surface structures - 2 ways to say same thing

Question 14

What is overextension of meaning

Answer 14

only calling the familt car “car” but not other cars

Question 15

What is underextension of meaing

Answer 15

Naming moon for moon, and an orange and lights etc etc

Question 16

What is a holophrase

Answer 16

a single word that stands for an entire statement

Question 17

What is the language bioprogram hypothesis

Answer 17

that children are predisposed to learn the syntax of language

Question 18

What is pidgin language

Answer 18

a language invented as a result of multiple languages coming together

Question 19

What is creole language

Answer 19

when pidgin language is acquired as a native language. More gramatically complex than pidgin.

Question 20

Values of independent culture

Answer 20

internal attributes matter most - self identity more important that social identity - child centered talk

Question 21

Values of interdependent cultures

Answer 21

social role matter most - self identity is governed by social identities - group goals take priority

Question 22

What is representatoin

Answer 22

how we think about the objexts and knowledge of our world in our internal thoughts

Question 23

What is analogical representation

Answer 23

mental image of an object eg thinking about the image of a cat

Question 24

what is symbolic representation

Answer 24

propositional thoughts eg internal statements - thinking that looks like a cute cat

Question 25

What is reasoning

Answer 25

intelligent thought that helps us to make decisions and problem solve

Question 26

What is deductive reasoning

Answer 26

starting with a general principle and work down to see what are the implications. Conclusions follow from known premises. eg syllogisms - if/then problems

Question 27

What is inductive reasoning

Answer 27

when you start from specific principles to infer a general principle - assume the trend continues - eg you notice the sun rose yesterday and today - make theory it rises everyday

Question 28

What is belief bias

Answer 28

reasoning based on plausibility rather than logic

Question 29

What is a confirmation bias

Answer 29

when we seek info that confirms what we already believe

Question 30

What is mental set

Answer 30

habits and assumptions when problem solving - Shown by luchins water jar problem

Question 31

what is functional fixedness

Answer 31

seeing object as only what they are made to do

Question 32

What are perspectives on the thought and language interrelation

Answer 32

1- Language is independent of cognition. The mainstream view in cognitive science is shown as babies have thoughts before language is understood. 2- Language influences cognition. Influences how we think and our thoughts are generated in language form.

Question 33

What are the weak and strong versions of the whorfian hypothesis

Answer 33

Weak - having a specific language influences how we think Strong - having a specific language determines how we think

Question 34

What evidence is for the whorfian hypothesis

Answer 34

The russian blues experiment- the more colour terms in a language then could percieve the differences between colour shades

Question 35

What evidence is against the whorfian hypothesis

Answer 35

Eleanor Rosch studied Dani tribe who only used 2 colour terms but they could still perceive the same

Question 36

Sir Francis Galton theory

Answer 36

Intelligence is hereditary. Ran experiment and building blocls of intelligence were simple sensory motor abilities. No relation to class of status.

Question 37

Alfred Binet theory

Answer 37

Father of modern IQ testing. Thought intelligence was psychological not physical. Developed stanford binet test which measured general ability. Excluded tasks that didnt correlate with school performance.

Question 38

What is the flynn effect

Answer 38

iq scores seem to increase in each generation over time

Question 39

What is spearmans two factor theory of intelligence

Answer 39

the general factor is a general mental capacity that underlies intellignece tasks overall The specific factor is the mental ability for the specific type of task

Question 40

What is fluid intelligence

Answer 40

An ability to learn and deal with new problems. Stops increasing and declines after adolescence

Question 41

What is crystallised intelligence

Answer 41

knowledge that we have learnt and aquired. Increases with age

Question 42

What are the 3 components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 42

Analysis intelligence - whats typically measured on iq test Creative intelligence - tested with ill defined problems requiring you to adapt and solve complex problems Practical intelligence -street smarts

Question 43

What was gardners theory of intelligence

Answer 43

he believed that there were many types of intelligence.