Module 1 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
in terms of diversity of living organisms, biomolecules are studied under
A
chemistry
2
Q
in terms of diversity of living organisms, energy is studied under…
A
physics
3
Q
examples of polymers
A
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, DNA & RNA
4
Q
examples of monomers
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monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids + glycerol, nucleotides, nitrogenous base, 5-membered ring sugar, phosphate
5
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, and galactose
6
Q
examples of amino acids
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phenylalanine, glycine, valine
7
Q
components of nitrogenous base
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cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil, adenine
8
Q
components of 5-membered ring sugars
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ribose, deoxyribose
9
Q
base of DNA is composed of…
A
ATCG
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
10
Q
base of RNA is composed of…
A
AUCG
(adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine)
11
Q
sugars in DNA?
A
deoxyribose
12
Q
sugars in RNA?
A
ribose
13
Q
RNA and DNA both contain…
A
phosphate
14
Q
energy currency in the cell
A
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
15
Q
main source of energy
A
glucose
16
Q
path for adrenaline?
A
Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> L-dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) –> Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
17
Q
hormones made by your adrenal glands, two small glands located above your kidneys. these hormones are released into the body in response to physical or emotional stress.
A
catecholamines
18
Q
examples of catecholamines?
A
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
19
Q
gastric emptying time?
A
2-3 hours
20
Q
average calories needed by females?
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1500 calories/day
21
Q
average calories needed by males?
A
2400 calories/day
22
Q
means life
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bios
23
Q
the study of matter
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chemistry
24
Q
the science of the chemical basis of life. it deals with the study of the chemical constituents of living cells and the reactions and processes they undergo.
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biochemistry
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the major aim of biochemistry
to describe the structure, organization, and functions of living matter in molecular terms
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area of biochemistry where the _______ of the components of living matter and the relationship of biological function to chemical structure
structural chemistry
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the backbone of biochemistry
organic chemistry
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area of biochemistry where the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living matter
metabolism
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breakdown of substances from complex to simple - releases energy
catabolism
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building-up of substance from simple to complex - absorbs energy
anabolism
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crossroad of anabolism and catabolism - involves both anabolism and catabolism
amphibolism
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area of biochemistry where the chemistry of process and substances that store and transmit biological information
molecular genetics
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different contributions of biochemistry to the fields of life sciences
cell biology, physiology, immunology, microbiology, as well as the fields of inflammation, cell injury, and cancer.
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Biochemistry and medicine also enjoy a...
mutually cooperative relationship
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phases of drug action?
LADMER
-Liberation
-Absorption
-Distribution
-Metabolism (biotransformation)
-Excretion
-Response
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disintegration and dissolution
liberation
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passage at which administered drug enters the systemic circulation - stomach (weakly acidic drugs) ; small intestine (weakly basic drug) - unionized
absorption
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the partitioning of drug substances to different parts of the body until it reach its receptor site (site at which drugs reacts to produce a response) - systemic circulation
distribution
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conversion of substances to a chemically different compound - Liver (CYP450)
metabolism (biotransformation)
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removal of the waste products in the body
excretion
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Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
disposition
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Metabolism and Excretion
elimination
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absorbed waste products
urine
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unabsorbed waste products
colon
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inhaled waste products
lungs
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Response of the drug in the body - therapeutic or Toxic "What the drug does to the body"
pharmacodynamics
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molecules that occur naturally in living organisms
biomolecules
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biomolecules are mainly consisted of
carbon and hydrogen with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorous
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(biochemistry and medicine) nucleic acids
genetic disease
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(biochemistry and medicine) proteins
sickle cell anemia
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(biochemistry and medicine) lipids
atherosclerosis
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(biochemistry and medicine) carbohydrates
diabetes mellitus
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(major causes of diseases) extremes of temperature, etc.
physical agents
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(biochemistry of disease) e.g drugs
chemical agents
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(biochemistry of disease) microorganisms
biological agents
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(biochemistry of disease) depletion of oxygen on hemoglobin
lack of oxygen
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(biochemistry of disease) congenital, molecular disorders
genetic disorders
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(biochemistry of disease) anaphylaxis, autoimmune diseases
immunologic reactions
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(biochemistry of disease) hypo/hyper imbalances
nutritional and endocrine
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atoms of biomolecules are...
very large and covalently bound together
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simple subunits; building blocks
monomers
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examples of monomers
amino acid, nucleotide, saccharide
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made by joining monomers
polymers
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examples of polymers
peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein, nucleic acids, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
65
biomolecules are joined together or broken apart by...
removing or adding water
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a process by which subunits form large biomolecules by removing water
dehydration synthesis
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splitting of biomolecules back into its original subunits
hydrolysis
68
biomolecules present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-carbohydrates
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) plasma cell membrane
lipid, protein
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) endoplasmic reticulum
lipid, some protein
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) nucleus
nucleic acid, protein
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) ribosome
CHO, protein
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) peroxisome
lipid, protein
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) mitochondria and lysosome
lipid, protein, CHO
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) golgi
lipid, protein, polysaccharide
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) cytoplasm
protein, small molecule
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) cell wall
polysaccharide
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) vacuole
small molecules
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(distribution of biomolecules in a cell) chloroplast
liquid, protein, carbohydrates
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forms closed compartments on the cytoplasm to define cell boundaries
plasma membrane
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what is a plasma membrane's selective permeability for?
to act as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water and other composition between the inside and outside of the cell
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what is the nature of a plasma membrane?
asymmetric
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what processes do plasma membranes do when exchanging material with the extracellular environment?
exocytosis and endocytosis
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tiny gaps; specialized membrane structure which adjacent cells exchange materials
gap junctions
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wherein plasma membranes play a key role in?
cell-to-cell interaction and transmembrane signaling
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changes in the membrane structure can affect...
water balance, ion flux, and can lead to a variety of diseases
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mutation in the gene encoding LDL receptor
Familial hypercholesterolemia
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mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein, a Cl transporter
Cystic fibrosis
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mutation in the gene encoding a copper-dependent ATPase
wilson disease
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1. to make, store, and utilize energy
2. to repair itself
3. to replicate
4. to perform cell-specific functions
intracellular fluids
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TBW of ICF
2/3
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1. a delivery system
2. removes CO2, waste products, etc.
extracellular fluids
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TBW of ECF
1/3
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ions of ICF
cation: potassium, magnesium
anion: phosphate
buffer: proteins (amino acids)
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ions of ECF
cation: sodium, calcium
anion: chloride
buffer: bicarbonate - carbonate
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mnemonics for cations of I/ECF
PISO
P otassium
I n
S odium
O ut
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mnemonics for anions of I/ECF
PICO
P hosphate
I n
C hloride
O ut
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head of a phospholipid
polar
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tail of a phospholipid
nonpolar
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why are phospholipid tails lipophilic?
because of the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen linkages, as well as the fact that it contains fatty acids
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why is one tail of a phospholipid containing a "kink"?
because of the double bonds, making it an unsaturated fatty acid
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Which component (s) of membranes give it its fluid characteristics?
the lipid bilayer
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What feature in a membrane helps to prevent freezing? Be specific.
the presence of the cis double bond makes prevents tight packing and makes the bilayer difficult to freeze
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Which part of a membrane helps it keep its shape (prevents deformation)?
cholesterol molecule
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How are proteins arranged in a membrane?
the polar heads are facing outwards
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What is the difference between a transmembrane protein and a peripheral membrane protein?
transmembrane are amphipathic and oriented in the lipid bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are bound to other membrane proteins.
107
What is a microdomain, and how is it formed?
"rafts" or platforms for the attachments of proteins as membranes are moved around the cell and also during signal transduction.
these cluster of proteins are formed by sphingolipids and cholesterols
108
If one type of membrane contains 76% proteins and another type contains only 18% proteins, what might you conclude about functional differences?
mas mabagal ang pag tangkad at regeneration ng body tissues dahil kailangan ng protein para sa muscle growth? (sagot ni richard)
109
What experiments might you conduct to prove that proteins moved in the plane of the membrane?
Frye-Edidin Experiment
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How do membranes support the polarity of a cell?
through domains and microdomains (transcytosis)
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How would you detect receptors in the plasma membrane of a cell?
by their ligand (They have the reactive group projecting from the surface that binds a specific ligand)
112
In a freeze-fracture/freeze etch specimen, what are the bumps seen in the plane of the membrane?
transmembrane proteins
113
How would you distinguish tight, or occluding junction between two cells, both structurally and functionally.
specialized junctions that keep the nutrients from entering the space between the cells,
membrane glycoproteins and associated "glue" bind the cells together like double-sided "strapping tape"
114
Do you know how gap junctions are formed?
formed by the dimerization of 6 connexin molecules to form a hemichannel called a "connexon". These are brought to the cell surface as a unit and one hemichannel docks with another hemichannel on an adjacent cell. Alignment of the pore regions allow transport of small molecules from cell to cell
115
What does the presence of microvilli signify?
cells are absorptive, wherein there is a need for an increase in surface area (possible tumor cells)
116
why do micelles and liposomes form lipid bilayers?
due to hydrophobic interaction
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what is the nature of the core of a liposome?
hydrophilic
118
what is the nature of the core of a micelle?
hydrophobic
119
between lipid and non lipid soluble substance, which penetrates readily?
lipid soluble
120
what happens to a lipid soluble after metabolism?
drug becomes water soluble and is then excreted
121
what happens when a drug sustains its lipophilic nature?
it becomes reabsorbed and may result to toxicity
122
important integral membrane proteins where they play a role in cell-cell interactions
glycoproteins
123
what do glycoproteins enable within our immune system?
the ability to detect foreign cells such as invading bacteria, which carry different glycoproteins
124
4 fused ring inside of the plasma membrane
CPPP = sterol nucleus
cyclo
pentano
perhydro
phenantherene
125
resides mainly in the plasma membrane but also found in lesser quantities in mitochondira, golgi complex, and nuclear membrane
cholesterol
126
what is the main purpose of cholesterol?
a stabilizer that limits the movements of phospholipid layers, which slide back and forth in the membrane (prevents deformation)
127
major sterols of fungi?
ergosterol
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special areas of membrane structures through which adjacent cells exchange material
tiny gaps or gap junctions
129
what do gap junctions enable to diffuse readily into and out of the cell?
small molecules such as oxygen
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the steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to carry out ________ (provides the energy needed to carry out cell fucntions)
aerobic respiration
131
specific proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport
transporters
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movement of cell from high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
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transport that requires a protein
passive transport
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transport that requires energy
active transport
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solvent moves to find equilibrium
osmosis
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carrier is exposed to high concentrations of solute, and molecules of solute bind to specific sites
binding induces conformational change
"ping" state
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the conformational change exposes the carrier to lower concentration of solute
"pong" state
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type of transporter wherein movement of one molecule independent of the other molecules
uniporter
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type of transporter wherein movement of two molecules in the same direction
symporter
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type of transporter wherein movement of two molecules in the opposite direction through a protein channel
antiport
141
large transmembrane proteins that serve to provide a pathway for ions to diffuse at a high rate across the cell membrane according to their electrochemical potential
ion channels
142
a specific molecule binds to a receptor and opens the channel
ligand-gated
143
open (or close) in response to changes in the membrane potential
voltage-gated
144
respond to mechanical stimuli (pressure, touch)
mechanically-gated
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biomolecules are _____ bounded
covalently
146
amino acids
proteins
147
nucleotide
nucleic acids
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saccharides
carbohydrates
149
which amongst the four biomolecules have no common subunits/building blocks?
lipids
150
how few is few? (oligo)
< 10
151
small molecules which are chemically joined to form the larger, more complex biological molecules called polymers
monomers
152
long chains of monomers joined chemically (macromolecules)
polymers
153
what does it take to be considered a nucleotide?
needs to have three components:
-end base
-sugar
-phosphate group
154
how are biomolecules synthesized?
by removing or adding water
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removal of water
dehydration
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adding of water
hydrolysis
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where can we find water molecules after it is removed from the molecule?
product side
158
where can we find water molecule after hydrolysis and breakage of water molecule?
reactant side
159
breaking down of polymers (HYDROLYSIS)
catabolism
160
building up (assembling) or polymers (CONDENSATION)
anabolism
161
All biological molecules in all organisms are made from the...
same set of subunits
162
Such subunits have been successfully produced in the laboratory by...
simulating the conditions of the early times of the earth
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"hydrate of carbon" 1:1 ratio of carbon and hydrogen molecules
carbohydrates
164
general formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
165
this formula of carbohydrates (CH2O)n is only applicable to...
monosaccharides
166
OH of alpha glucose
pababa
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OH of beta glucose
pataas
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anomeric carbon 1 is only for
glucose
169
most important disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
170
monomeric units of sucrose
GluFru
Glucose
Fructose
171
monomeric units of lactose
GluGal
Glucose
Galactose
172
monomeric units of maltose
GluGlu
Glucose
Glucose
173
long chain monocarboxylic acids
fatty acids
174
general structure of saturated fatty acids
CH3(CH2)COOH
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heterogenous group, classified because they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
esters of fatty acids with various types of alcohols
lipids
176
are lipids possessing a glycerol with one or more fatty acid groups
glycerides (can also be called triglycerides)
177
trihydric common glycerides
glycerol
178
how many fatty acids can 3 OH groups esterify?
3
179
nucleotide where OH group is absent?
deoxyribose
180
nucleotide bases of purine
PuGa
Guanine
Adenine
181
nucleotide bases of pyrimidine
PCUT
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
182
between DNA and RNA, which is double stranded?
DNA
183
between DNA and RNA, which is single stranded?
RNA
184
combinations of 20 amino acids
proteins
185
protein chains are called...
polypeptides
186
certain groups of atoms that are frequently attached to the organic molecules we will be studying
functional groups
187
most abundant chemical elements of cells
hydrogen (60%)
oxygen (25%)
carbon (12%)
nitrogen (5%)
188
other notable elements occurring in small quantities includes
P, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, and trace amounts of Fe, Cu, Mn, etc.
189
for anemia, take ferrous with ...
vitamin C
190
for bones, take calcium with ...
vitamin D
191
for our immune system and antioxidants, take selenium with ...
vitamin E
192
major body fuel molecule, oxidized to convert ADP to ATP
glucose
193
major fuel for skeletal muscle
glycerol and fatty acids, other fat molecules
194
structural and contractile protein
-enzymes
-hormones
-respiratory molecules
amino acids
195
coenzymes act with enzymes
vitamins
