Module 1

Question 1

What are the 6 characteristics of life

Answer 1

Cellular Organisation, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Heredity, Response to stimuli

Question 2

Outline cellular organisation

Answer 2

The elements that make up a cell and their placement

Question 3

Outline reproduction

Answer 3

reproducing offspring either sexually or asexually. Reproduction ensures the continuation of a species and the passing on of genetic information

Question 4

outline growth and development

Answer 4

Organisms exhibit growth, where they will increase in size and complexity

Question 5

outline metabolism

Answer 5

all chemical reactions that occur within a organism to sustain life

Question 6

outline response to stimuli

Answer 6

living organisms respond and react to changes in their environment

Question 7

outline heredity

Answer 7

organisms possess hereditary material such as DNA containing genetic info for organisms structure and function

Question 8

outline the scale of life (biomolecules)

Answer 8

Building blocks of cells and include molecules such as nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins, carbs etc

Question 9

outline the scale of life (subcellular structures)

Answer 9

organelles within the cell

Question 10

outline the scale of life (tissues)

Answer 10

specialised cells what work together to perform specific funstions

Question 11

outline the scale of life (organs)

Answer 11

composed of different tissues that collaborate to carry out specific functions within an organism

Question 12

what was Charles Darwins contribution (2)

Answer 12

1. natural selection as a mechanism for evolution
2. descent with modification

Question 13

what is the concept “descent with modification” (Charles Darwin)

Answer 13

this concept suggests that species change over time and that new species arise from cmmon ancestors

Question 14

requirements for natural selection (4)

Answer 14

Variation, inheritance, selection and time

Question 15

what does the tree of life represent?

Answer 15

representation of the evolutionary relationships between all organisms

Question 16

key features of the tree of life (4)

Answer 16

• common ancestry
• divergences and speciation
• nested hierarchy (where groups of organisms are classifies into progressively smaller and more specific categories, such as kingdom, phyla etc)
• biodiversity

Question 17

what is endosymbiosis

Answer 17

endosymbiosis is a key concept in understanding the evolution of eukaryotic cells

Question 18

what is that significance of endosymbiosis? (mitochondria)

Answer 18

responsible for cellular respiration and energy production (believed to originate from an endosymbiotic relationship between host cell and a ancestral bacterium)

Question 19

what is that significance of endosymbiosis? (Chloroplast)

Answer 19

Found in photosynthetic organisms and are believed to have evolved through endosymbiosis between eukaryotic host cell and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Question 20

what does a phylogenetic tree represent? (6)

Answer 20

• Evolutionary history
• Common ancestry
• Branching patterns
• Node and Internal Nodes
• Taxonomic relationships
• Evolutionary distance

Question 21

What is evolutionary history (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 21

Shows how species have diversified and changed over time. it traces the ancestry and descent of organisms, indicated their relationship and the sequence of speciation events that have occured

Question 22

What is common ancestry (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 22

The root of the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms depicted. Shows that all living organisms on the tree share a common origin

Question 23

what is branching patterns (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 23

The branches of the phylogenetic tree present the different lineages or groups of organisms. The points where the branches split or diverge represents speciation events, indicating the formation of new species

Question 24

what is node and internal node (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 24

nodes are the point on the tree where branches intersect, representing common ancestor shared by the organisms connected to that node. Internal node represent common ancestors of groups of organisms that have diverged and given rise to distinct lineages

Question 25

what is taxonomic relationship (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 25

organisms that are placed close together on the tree, while those more distant are placed further. Taxonomic categories such as kingdoms, phyla, classes etc can be represented along the branches of the tree

Question 26

What is evolutionary relationships (phylogenetic tree)

Answer 26

The lengths of the branches of the phylogenetic tree represent evolution distance of genetic divergence between organisms. longer = greater genetic difference or longer periods of time since divergence.

Question 27

list the three domains of life

Answer 27

Bacteria, Archaea and Ekarya

Question 28

What are some exampled of building blocks

Answer 28

amino acids, nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, fatty acids

Question 29

what are some examples of macromolecules

Answer 29

proteins, DNA, RNA, complex carbohydrates, lipids

Question 30

what are some exampled of supramolecular assemblies

Answer 30

membranes, ribosomes, chromatid

Question 31

what are some exampled of organelles

Answer 31

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum

Question 32

Outline the relationship between molecular "building blocks" and higher order structures

Answer 32

Molecular building blocks interact and assemble in precise ways to form higher order structures within cells (the assembly of higher order structures is essential for the organisation and function of cells)

Question 33

Identify the structures of the major types of macromolecules in cells (4)

Answer 33

Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids and Carbohydrates

Question 34

What are proteins

Answer 34

Composed of amino acids which are linked together through peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines the primary structure of a protein

Question 35

what is nucleic acid

Answer 35

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides (Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base)

Question 36

what are lipids

Answer 36

A diverse group of molecules that are hydrophobic. The primary structural feature of lipids is a hydrocarbon tail (fatty acid chain). The basic building block of most lipids is the triglyceride, composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes, consisting of a hydrophilic heat (phosphate group) and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 37

What are carbohydrates

Answer 37

composed of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) that can form complex structures. They have branching and various linkages between sugar units, giving rise to structural diversity

Question 38

what are monosaccharides made of

Answer 38

glucose and fructose

Question 39

what are disaccharides made of

Answer 39

sucrose and lactose formed together by two joining monosaccharides

Question 40

what are polysaccharides made of

Answer 40

starch, glycogen and cellulose formed by long chains of monosaccharides

Question 41

what is the role of carbohydrates in cells

Answer 41

energy source energy storage structural support

Question 42

what is the role of lipids in the cell

Answer 42

energy storage structural component insulation and protection

Question 43

what is the role of proteins in the cell

Answer 43

enzymes (facilitating biochemical reactions) structural support transport signalling and communication defense

Question 44

what is the role of nucleic acid in the cell

Answer 44

genetic information storage protein synthesis transmission of genetic information regulation of gene expression

Question 44

what are the main structures of the plasma membrane? (5)

Answer 44

- Selective permeability - Cell signalling - Cell adhesion and communication - transport of molecules - Protection and barrier function

Question 44

describe what selective permeability means in terms of the plasma membrane

Answer 44

selective permeability in the plasma membrane allows the regulation of the movement of substances into and out of the cell (also maintains the internal environment)

Question 45

describe what cell adhesion and communication means in terms of the plasma membrane

Answer 45

proteins in the plasma membrane enables cells to adhere to neighbouring cells and extracellular matrix, contributing to tissue structure and organisation

Question 45

describe what cell signalling means in terms of the plasma membrane

Answer 45

the plasma membrane contains receptors and signalling molecules that allow the cell to receive and respond to external signals such as hormones or neurotransmitters

Question 46

describe what transport of molecules means in terms of the plasma membrane

Answer 46

integral protein in the plasma membrane, such as channels, carriers and pumps, facilitate the transport of ions, nutrients and waste products across the membrane

Question 46

describe what protection and barrier formation means in terms of the plasma membrane

Answer 46

the plasma membrane acts as a physical barrier aswell as maintaining the internal environment.