MODULE 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
It is central to evolutionary biology namely
______________________________, evidence of past evolutionary changes in animal structure.
A
EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY
2
Q
tail is symmetrical= Both lobes of the
tail are equal in shape
A
HOMOCERCAL TAIL
3
Q
presence of swim bladder
A
HOMOCERCAL TAIL
4
Q
- air filled sac for dense neutral body buoyancy
A
SWIM BLADDER
5
Q
Organisms with homocercal tail
A
Teleost (salmon, tuna, trout) Osteichthyes
6
Q
lobes of the tail are unequal; upper tail lobe is elongated,
provides upward force to
counteract the tendency to sink.
A
HETEROCERCAL TAIL
7
Q
lack of swim bladder
A
HETEROCERCAL TAIL
8
Q
organisms with heterocercal tail
A
Chondrichthyes (shark & rays)
9
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Swimming strokes of the heterocercal tail propel the fish forward, and motion of the long extended upper lobe imparts an upward lift to the
posterior end of the fish.
A
TRUE
10
Q
helps answer question and give us better understanding of animal design
A
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
11
Q
discipline that relates structure to its function
A
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
12
Q
History of life, also the process of evolution behind morphological units (jaw, limbs, eyes.)
A
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
13
Q
look outside evolutionary context, without elucidation of evolutionary process.
A
NON-HISTORICAL CONTEXT
14
Q
allows us to make prediction, perhaps re-examine initial analysis of structure and return with improved hypotheses about
system of interest.
A
EXTRAPOLATIVE
15
Q
-tool of insight guide our analysis
and set up hypothesis
A
COMPARISON
16
Q
developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike and scaly animals to land forms
A
ANAXIMANDER
17
Q
original creatures come together in oddly assembled ways
A
EMPEDOCLES
18
Q
The Voyage of the Beagle, a collection of scientific observations
A
CHARLES DARWIN
19
Q
If left unchecked, members of any
species increase naturally in number because all possess a _____________________ .
A
HIGH REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
20
Q
Condition two for declining resources.
A
COMPETITION
21
Q
third condition of Darwin’s proposal
A
survival of the few
22
Q
The controversy over evolutionary processes emerges at one of three levels—___________________________—and asks a different question at
each level
A
FACT, COURSE AND MECHANISM
23
Q
What mechanism produced this evolution?
A
natural selection
24
Q
the first great biologist, believed that all
things could be arranged in a hierarchy; Scala Naturae or Ladder of Nature
A
ARISTOTLE
25
Species Plantarum
Carolus Linnaeus
(Carl von Linne)
26
The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation (1691)
Reverend John Ray
27
Natural Theology or Evidence of the
Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearances of Nature (1802)
William Paley
28
He was a curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Harvard University
Louis Agassiz
29
first modern scientist to work out a systematic concept of evolution; spoke to the three issues of evolution fact, course and mechanism.
J.B. de Lamarck
30
– species changed over time
FACT
31
– there is a progressive change in species along an ascending scale in increasing complexity.
COURSE
32
needs itself produce heritable evolutionary change
MECHANISM
33
Organs in animals become stronger or weaker more or less important by use or disuse and these changes are transmitted from parents to the progeny
Inheritance of Acquired characteristics
34
There is an unconscious striving upward on
the Scala Naturae which moved every
living creature toward greater complexity.
“Universal Escalator to Perfection”
35
it is preferred to replace the terms lower and higher with the terms _____________________________________to emphasize only the sequence in the evolutionary
scale.
PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED
36
unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geometrically at the same time the supply of food grows more slowly, thus species had to evolve to adapt to these changes
Alfred Russel Wallace
37
“An Essay on the Principle of Population”
Reverend Thomas Malthus
38
was named after the tortoise inhabitants in the island (Galapagos in Spanish)
GALAPAGOS
39
was a process analogous to the type of
selection exercised by breeders of cattle,
horses, or dogs
NATURAL SELECTION
40
was a process analogous to the type of
selection exercised by breeders of cattle,
horses, or dogs
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
41
a scientific consistency and cohesiveness to the concept of evolution (Darwinism).
The Origin of Species
42
made an honorable effort to calculate the age of the Earth
JAMES USSHER
43
“Is man an angel or an ape? My Lord, I am on the side of the angels”.
Benjamin Disraeli
44
“Humans were created five days later, at 9:00 in the morning, Greenwich
mean time.”
Dr. John Lightfoot
45
used temperatures taken in deep shafts: reasoned that the Earth would cool from its
primitive molten state to present temperatures at constant rate
Lord Kelvin
46
Darwin’s Bulldog; He took the task vertebral theory of the skull; monographs
on comparative anatomy
Thomas H. Huxley
47
Argued that organisms must be
understood as functional whole
George Cuvier
48
He centered on archetypes, a kind of
biological blueprint which an organism was
build
RICHARD OWEN
49
Owen envision that the vertebrates skeleton is consisted of a series of segments which he termed
‘vertebrae'
50
the similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent or a common evolutionary ancestor
HOMOLOGY
51
original and tupos meaning imprinted image
Greek 'arkhe'
52
It is one of the most fascinating
constructs of what has been
called the ___________________________________ in
the history of biology
morphological period
53
a biological blueprint in which an organism originated
archetype
54
concavity
nerve cord
55
– an area where all ribs are connected
Thoracic Area
56
– prominences or projections
Apophysis
57
articulates with one vertebra to the next vertebra
Zygapophysis
58
not prominent when intact; articulates with the post-zygapophysis in the previous vertebra
pre-zygapophysis
59
visible when intact; articulates with the pre-zygapophysis of the next vertebra
post zygapophysis
60
neural arch; encloses the neural canal; passageway of nerve cord
Neuropophysis
61
articulation of two upper headed ribs
DIAPOPHYSIS
62
articulation of two lower headed ribs
PARAPOPHYSIS
63
Prominence (vertebral rib)
Pleurapophysis
64
cavity between haemal arches which
encloses the blood vessel
HAEMAPOPHYSIS
65
the first one to suggest that the vertebrates’ skull was created from modified and fused vertebrae.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
66
who speculated about the significance of life, which they believed to be derived from a vital force that could not be understood
totally through scientific means
Lorenz Oken
67
is an external architect that chooses designs to fit current purposes
Natural selection
68
assaults an organism with a wrath of predators, challenges of climate, and competition from others.
External environments
69
The ______________________________of an
organisms sets boundaries to allowable
change.
internal construction
70
meant the study of structure with function
CUVIER
71
the study of archetypes behind the structure
OWEN
72
study of structural change over time (evolution).
HUXLEY
73
In different organisms, corresponding parts
may be considered similar to each other by
three criteria
ANCESTRY, FUNCTION AND APPEARANCE
74
applies to two or more features that share a common ancestry
HOMOLOGY
75
A special case of homology is _________________________, which means similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism.
serial homology
76
Examples:
- successive muscle segments along the
body
- several gill arches
- chain of vertebrae in the backbone
serial homology
77
The concept of homology as the relationship between two characters in two different species as inherited from a common ancestor
Historical Homology
78
exhibits structures which perform similar functions, but they may or may not have similar ancestry
ANALOGY
79
look alike and may or may not be homologous or analogous.
Homoplastic structures
80
three different types of homoplasy
convergence, parallelism, and reversal
81
refers to the evolution of similar traits in response to similar adaptive pressures, but not to similar genes and developmental processes
CONVERGENCE
82
occurs in closely related taxa,
and is defined as the independent
development of a descendant character that is not present on a common ancestor.
PARALLELISM
83
are instances of homoplasy in
which a character appears, subsequently
disappears, and later reappears along the
descendants in one lineage
REVERSALS
84
describes the way in which
animal’s body meets the surrounding
environment.
SYMMETRY
85
-refers to a body that is laid out equally from a central axis, so that any of several planes passing through the central
divides the animal into equal or mirror halves.
Radial symmetry;
sea anemone
sea urchin
star fish
jelly fish
86
divides the body in into two mirrored images, left and right
Bilateral symmetry
Butterfly and (b) Lobster
87
refers to the head end
ANTERIOR
88
refers to the tail
POSTERIOR
89
refers to the back
DORSAL
90
refers to the belly or front
VENTRAL
91
midline of the body
MEDIAL
92
refers to the sides of the body
LATERAL
93
-farthest to the main bulk of the body
DISTAL
94
-nearest to the main bulk of the body
PROXIMAL
95
-chest supports the forelimbs
PECTORAL
96
hips supporting hindlimbs
PELVIC
97
divides a bilateral body into dorsal and
ventral sections
FRONTAL PLANE
98
splits the body into left and right portions
SAGITTAL PLANE
99
separates body into anterior and
posterior portions
TRANSVERSE PLANE
100
is the process that divides the body into
duplicated sections
METAMERISM OR SEGMENTATION
101
Each repeated section is referred to
as a
SEGMENT OR METAMERE
102
sequentially subdivide the hydrostatic skeleton into a series of internal compartments
SEPTA
103
According to ______________________,
correlations between hypothesized
environmental (selective) factors
and structural features of the
organism can be examined.
Lauder (1981)
104
covers both how a part works in an
organism and how it serves adaptively in the environment
FUNCTION
105
refers to how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism`s life history
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
106
quadrate bone in reptiles’ functions to attach the lower jaw to the skull. It also functions to transmit sound waves to
the ear
FUNCTION
107
quadrate participates in at least two: feeding (food procurement) and hearing (detection of enemies or prey)
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
108
Body feathers in birds to cover the body
FUNCTION
109
Insulation (thermoregulation) – to
prevent heat loss in a cold
environment
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
110
Aerodynamic contouring of body
shape (flight) – to streamline the body
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
111
Courtship (reproduction) – to display
colors to rivals o mate.
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
112
Means that a structure or behavior
possesses the necessary form and function
before (hence pre-) the biological role arises that it eventually serves.
PRE-ADAPTATION
113
Refers to features that have acquired the
necessary properties of form and function to be adapted to a particular environmental demand (selection force) before that selection force has acted on the feature
PRE-ADAPTATION
114
___________________ to birds were ground- or
tree-dwelling, reptile like animals
IMMEDIATE ANCESTORS
115
Reptiles that lived in or frequented trees
___________________ from branch in order to escape pursuing predators or get to adjacent trees without making a long journey down one tree and back up the other
LEAPED
116
animal`s practice of taking to the air temporarily
LEAPED
117
in which the animal spread its limbs and flattened its body to increase resistance and slow descent during the vertical drop, softening the impact on landing
PARACHUTING
118
The animal deflected from the line of fall, so horizontal travel increased.
GLIDING
119
an early stage of active flight,
further increased the horizontal distance
FLAILING
120
flight gave access to habitats unavailable to terrestrial species. In fact, a new mode of life was achieved and modern birds are the result
FLAPPING
121
bear the traces of ancestral structures because evolution proceeds largely through the process of remodeling
DESCENDANT ORGANISMS
122
Course of evolution that us summarized into graphic schemes or dendrograms
PHYLOGENY
123
-Depicted by a tree-like, branched connection between taxa-represents a faithful expression of relationships between different taxa
DENDROGRAM
124
Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866; “General Morphology of Organisms”)
ERNST HAECKEL
125
The study of ancestor-descendent relationships
PHYLOGENETICS
126
A diagram that represents the evolutionary
relationships among organisms
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
127
Ancestral state of a character
PLEISTOMORPHY
128
(Derived state), wherein a character state different than the ancestral state
APOMORPHY
129
(Derived Condition) derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor
SYNAPOMORPHY
130
- a uniquely derived character state
AUTAPOMORPHY
131
- Named group of organisms
TAXON
132
groups that exist in nature resulting from evolutionary events.
NATURAL TAXON
133
group that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution
ARTIFICIAL TAXON
134
taxon most related closely
related to the taxon studied
SISTER GROUP
135
Expression of degree of change or
level of adaptation reached by an evolving
taxa.
GRADE
136
Sums up all organisms in a lineage
plus their common ancestor
CLADE
137
organisms with similar or homologous
characteristics placed together in a clade
TRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS
138
organisms belonging to the same clade,
also called as cladistics
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS
139
TRUE OR FALSE: Some clades include members very homogenous in their basic morphology (ex. Birds, snakes, frogs) or quite heterogeneous (actinoptrygian fishes)
TRUE
140
- Basis for recognizing a clade
- Not within-group variation
GENEALOGY
141
- Dendogram depicting a genealogy
- Hypothesis about lineages and
evolutionary relationships of the
genealogy
CLADOGRAM
142
TRUE OR FALSE: The more derived characteristics common
between the groups, the more likely they are closely related
TRUE
143
any taxa that is studied
INGROUP
144
group close to but is not part of the studied taxa
OUTGROUP
145
Includes an ancestor and all of its
descendants but only its descendants
MONOPHYLETIC
146
Groups formed on the bases of nonhomologous characteristics
POLYPHYLETIC
147
Groups that include a common
ancestor and some but not all of its
descendants
PARAPHYLETIC
148
The smallest clade that includes all
living members of the group and any
fossils nested in between
CROWN GROUP
149
The set of extinct taxa not included in
the crown group but are more closely
related to the crown group than to any
other
STEM GROUP
150
Composed of both crown and stem
groups
TOTAL GROUP
151
the study of what fossils tell
us about the ecologies of the past, about
evolution, and about our place, as humans,
in the world
PALEONTOLOGY
152
Greek biologist who
discovered seashells on land, and deduced
that the land was once a seafloor
XENOPHANES
153
Chinese scientist who was able
to use fossilized bamboo to form a theory of climate change
SHEN KUO
154
pioneers of paleontology, found that rock layers in different areas could be compared and matched on the basis of their fossils
Georges Cuvier and William Smith
155
scientists can determine the age of a rock
layer by examining how certain atoms in the rock have changed since the rock formed
RADIOMETRIC DATING
