Module 1 Flashcards
(47 cards)
__________ is the study of the parts of an organism, what they are called, and where they are located; however, _________ is the study of how those parts function.
Anatomy; Physiology
_________ (atoms) are the basic building blocks of molecules
elements
Atoms are composed of what 3 subatomic particles?
protons (+)
neutrons(0)
electrons (-)
Changing the number of protons in an atom changes its?
element or identity and its mass.
Physiology can also be defined as the study of _________
Homeostasis
What are the two primary methods of maintaining homeostasis in the human body?
Negative and Positive Feedback loops
Negative feedback is aimed at maintaining what type of homeostasis?
Short and Long-term homeostasis
Changing the number of neutrons in an atom produces?
an isotope of the same element that has a different mass.
Changing the number of electrons in an atom creates?
an ion of the atom without changing its mass.
what four elements make up 99% of atoms in body?
Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?
covalent bonds
Positive feedback is aimed at maintaining what?
Only long-term homeostasis
When does a negative feedback loop occur?
when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set-point
if electrons are shared equally then what time of bond is produced?
nonpolar covalent bond
If the electrons are shared unequally then a ______ covalent bond is produced.
polar
Give 3 examples of negative feedback control
*Temperature
*O2, CO2, glucose, and water concentrations
*Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, and H+ ion concentrations
*Levels of hormones, receptors, cholesterol; body weight
*Levels of transcription factors and gene expression
*Rates of cell division and cell death
*Erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers; iron concentration
*Blood pressure, lymph flow, stomach acidity
*Muscle lengths; rhodopsin synthesis
what bonds occur when a strongly electronegative atom “steals” an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to create a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom?
ionic bonds
When does a positive feedback loop occur?
when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value
what bonds occurs when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O, N, Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or the same molecule)?
hydrogen bonds
Give 3 examples of positive feedback control
*Contractions during labor
*Immune response
*Blood clotting
*Ovulation
*Action potentials in nerve cells
How is physiology studied?
Using scientific method
most common molecule in body - 60%
- intracellular fluid = 2/3 of total body H2O
- extracellular fluid = 1/3 of TBW
-interstitial fluid (80%)
-plasma (20%)
water
C, H, O in proportion Cn(H2O)n
*Sugars
carbohydrates
- __________= one sugar
e.g., glucose
- Disaccharide = ____ _____ formed by dehydration synthesis
e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose
3.___________ = many sugars
1.Monosaccharide
2. two sugars
3. polysaccharide
