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Physiology 2 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of the respiratory System

A

Nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, trachea

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2
Q

Components of the lungs

A

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts , alveoli

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3
Q

Path of inspiration

A

Nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi →bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli

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4
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

A serous membrane covering the lungs allowing them to expand without friction when thorax expands

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5
Q

what is pleural fluid

A

Watery fluid acting as a lubricant reducing friction between lungs and other structures in the thorax and facilitating movement of lungs

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6
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

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7
Q

pulmonary vein

A

bright red oxygen-saturated blood returns to the left atrium

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7
Q

pulmonary artery

A

brings deoxygenated blood (bluish-purple in color) from the right ventricle to the lungs

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8
Q

during inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity must be….

A

below the pressure of the atmosphere (negative)

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9
Q

During expiration the pressure in the thoracic cavity should be…

A

greater than atmospheric pressure

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10
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing

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11
Q

Major function of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs provides a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic needs of the body’s cells and removes carbon dioxide, the major by-product of cellular metabolism.

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12
Q

equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

transpulmonary pressure = Alveolar pressure - Pleural Pressure

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12
Q

minor functions of the respiratory system

A

pH regulation and maintenance of acid-base balance through removal or retention of carbon dioxide.

Temperature regulation

vocalization

lungs produce histamine
convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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13
Q

Compliance

A

the extent to which the lungs expand (change volume) for each unit change in transpulmonary pressure

Compliance is equal to the change in the volume of the lungs between inspiration and expiration divided by the change in transpulmonary pressure

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14
Q

Pleural pressure

A

the pressure of the fluid in the pleural space; it should always be negative

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14
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the lungs’ alveoli. The pressure is negative during inspiration, positive during expiration, and zero when there is no air flow

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15
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

equal to alveolar pressure minus pleural pressure. It is the measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse them at each point of expansion; this is also called recoil pressure.

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16
Q

Compliance vs transpulmonary pressure

A

Compliance varies between individual animals because of the difference in lung size (i.e. differences in the change of volume of the lungs). However, transpulmonary pressure remains the same.

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17
Q

compliance varies according to

A

lung size, surface tension of air to liquid interface, surface tension of lung tissue

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18
Q

Reasons for Wanting to Reduce Surface Tension

A

Decreasing the work required for breathing by decreasing the effort exerted by muscle.

Lowering the tendency for elastic recoil, which helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing at the end of expiration.

Stabilization of the alveoli, which tend to collapse at different rates.

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19
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

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A

a lipoprotein secreted by alveolar cells.

. The major function of surfactant is to reduce surface tension which prevents alveoli from collapsing

20
Q

partial pressure

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A

is the pressure that gas in a mixture would exert if it were present alone

the product of the total pressure of the gas mixture times the fractional concentration (F) of that gas (Dalton’s law)

21
Q

hemoglobin

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A

Most of the oxygen is carried by red blood cells to the cells of the body loosely attached to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is made of a protein (globin) and four red pigments (heme). Each heme molecule contains an atom of iron. Oxygen loosely attaches to the iron of the hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues

22
what is the normal range of O2 tension in the blood under resting conditions
40-100mmHg
23
What are the three forms CO2 is carried by the blood
Dissolved in plasma (7%) Combined with hemoglobin (Hgb-CO2 ) (23%) The majority is carried as bicarbonate (HCO3) in the plasma (70%)
24
how much O2 is transported by attaching to hemoglobin?
about 97-98.5 %
25
What is carbon dioxide a product of
cellular respiration (extracting energy from metabolites)
26
what is intrapulmonary pressure
the pressure of air in the air passages and in the lungs
27
inspiratory area
controls normal, quiet breathing. The inspiratory area sends impulses (2-3/sec.) at regular intervals to the inspiratory muscles
28
expiratory area
becomes active during heavy breathing and causes powerful contraction of the expiratory muscles. Expiration is generally passive during quiet breathing.
29
pneumotaxic area
controls the depth and the frequency of breathing. Rapid, shallow breathing (such as panting in the dog) is controlled by the pneumotaxic center, which increases the rate of respiration while decreasing the depth of respiration.
30
Hering-Breur reflex
Stretch receptors located in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles send signals to the inspiratory center to decrease respiration when lungs become overinflated.
31
Chemical Control of Respiration
Increased pCO2 in the blood is the most powerful stimulus to the respiratory center. Increased hydrogen inside the chemosensitive area (Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Increased hydrogen ion concentration excites the chemosensitive area. When excited, the chemosensitive area sends signals to stimulate both the inspiratory and the expiratory areas of the respiratory center. These signals cause increased breathing.) Nervous signals from muscles control areas in the brain during increased physical activity causes increased respiration.
32
Tidal Volume (TV)
the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath.
33
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the additional volume of air that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume
34
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the additional amount of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration.
35
Vital Capacity (VC)
the amount of air that is maximally inhaled, then exhaled maximally. In essence, it is the TV plus the IRV plus the ERV.
36
Residual Volume (RV)
the volume of air that remains after forced expiration. It cannot be measured with a spirometer. It is approximately 25% of the total lung capacity. RV increases with age.
37
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
the volume of air that remains at the end of passive or relaxed (not forced) expiration. It is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). It is approximately 50% of total lung capacity.
38
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
the sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume. It is the maximal amount of air the lung can hold with the greatest possible inspiratory effort
39
Minute respiratory volume
the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute.
40
Alveolar ventilation (Va)
the rate at which new air reaches the gas exchange areas of the lungs, such as the alveoli, the alveolar sacs, the alveolar ducts, and the respiratory ducts. Alveolar ventilation can be calculated with the following equation: Va = (respiratory rate or frequency)(VT - VD) Va = Volume of alveolar ventilation per minute VT = Tidal volume VD = Volume of dead space; the space of the respiratory system besides alveoli and their closely related gas exchange areas.
41
what is the pulmonary membrane
the thin pulmonary membrane, also called the respiratory membrane, separates the alveolar gases from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
42
Why does the exchange of gases across the pulmonary membrane rapidly occur?
Because partial pressure differences between blood and alveolar air exist
42
components of the pulmonary membrane
1 A thin layer of surfactant. 2 A layer of alveolar epithelial cell membrane. 3 Interstitial space (that has the basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and connective tissue). 4 A layer of endothelial cells of the capillaries that lie in intimate contact with the alveoli. The gas must also pass through the plasma into the red blood cell.
43
Anoxia (or hypoxia)
without oxygen
44
Hypoxic Hypoxia
a condition characterized by low arterial pO2 and inadequate saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen. Cyanosis, a blueness of the skin and the mucous membranes, is a prominent symptom. It can be caused by obstruction to the respiratory passages; thickening of the membrane as a result of congestion, such as in pneumonia; or a reduction in the area of the pulmonary membrane, such as in emphysema.
45
Chronic Hypoxia
With chronic hypoxia, such as that produced by living at high altitudes, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood increases because the body increases its production of RBCs.
46
Anemic Hypoxia
the arterial oxygen content is lower than normal. Anemic hypoxia is seen in patients with anemia or low hemoglobin content, or when hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, such as in carbon monoxide poisoning (hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen).
46
Stagnant Hypoxia
the failure to transport adequate oxygen to the tissues due to slow blood flow to the tissues, such as in cardiac failure, circulatory shock, or localized impairment of flow (arterial spasm or embolism).
47
Histotoxic Hypoxia
In histotoxic hypoxia, the tissues cannot use oxygen. It can be caused by cyanide poisoning, which blocks the enzymes that are involved in the use of oxygen in the cells.
48
Hyperoxia: Oxygen Poisoning
Exposure to pure oxygen at a pressure of several atmospheres (over 2.5 atmospheres) leads to grand mal convulsions and pulmonary edema.
48
Hypercapnia
when carbon dioxide is in an excess concentration in the body. Breathing a gas mixture containing 5 percent CO2 greatly stimulates respiratory activity, produces some excitatory effects in the medullary centers regulating the circulatory system, and has a vasodilator effect peripherally

Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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