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GLPH 171 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health (WHO’s Definition)

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Health (Functional Definition)

A

Health is the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life’s challenges and changes

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3
Q

Disease

A

biological or physical malady affecting the body

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4
Q

Illness

A

The perception of dysfunction by the afflicted individual

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5
Q

Sickness

A

Refers to the social acknowledgement of impairment or affliction

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6
Q

Disease without illness

A

Hypertension

High blood pressure can lead to heart attack or stroke, but person does not feel ill, does not seek
medical care, or comply with therap

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7
Q

Illness Without Disease

A

The “Hypochondriac”

Person feels ill, but doctors can’t find anything wrong despite extensive medical testing

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8
Q

Illness Without Sickness

A

Headache

Person feels ill and stays home from work, but employer requires a doctor’s note in order to excuse absence

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9
Q

Disease and Healthy

A

Well managed Type 1 Diabetic

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10
Q

Disease and Unhealthy

A

Late Stage Cancer

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11
Q

No Disease and Healthy

A

Vibrant Neighbour

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12
Q

No Disease and Unhealthy

A

Overworked Teacher

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13
Q

Factors that Cause Disease

A

-Germs
-Genetic
-Lifestyle
-Multifactorial Disease causation (epigenetic or environmental factors)

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14
Q

Contributers to the Germ Theory of Disease

A

-Koch
-Lister
-Pasteur

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15
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  • Germs are present in those with disease, and are absent in those without
  • Germs can be isolated/cultured from those with disease
  • Germs cause diseases when introduced into healthy host
  • Germs can then be re-isolated from the newly-diseased host

ignores social context and potential genetic origins of many diseases

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16
Q

Lister

A
  • Sepsis (infection) might be caused by pollen-like dust contaminating surgical wounds
  • Antiseptic conditions, including application of carbolic acid, should therefore logically prevent
    wound infections
  • Surgical mortality fell from 45% to 15% after Lister’s intervention
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17
Q

Pasteur

A
  • First postulated the germ theory of disease
  • Discovered principles of microbial fermentation and sterilization
  • First described heat treatment methods for milk and wine (“pasteurization”)
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18
Q

Genetic Theories

A

-Linked to biology advances
-Emphasize hereditary vulnerability
-Focus on the individual, rather than society

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19
Q

Lifestyle Theories

A

-Behaviourally driven
-smoking
-consuming alcohol
-eating fatty foods

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20
Q

Multifactorial Disease Causation

A

Ex. epigenetics
Specific gene raises your risk for a disease but isn’t completely deterministic
An environmental trigger is needed

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21
Q

Well-being

A

Broader concept encompassing other areas of our lived experience

financial security, level of work stress, satisfaction with family life

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22
Q

Wellness

A

The state of feeling well (not ill or sick)

synonym for term “healthy”

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23
Q

Health can be understood at the ____ level

A

Population

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24
Q

Population

A

Groups of individuals with a shared characteristic

Can be geographically or politically defined *but dont have to be

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25
Population Health
The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
26
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in population
27
Distribution
Focus of DESCRIPTIVE epidemiology ## Footnote how specific health outcomes are dispersed or patterned across a population. helps develop hypotheses.
28
Determinants
Focus of ANALYTICAL epidemiology ## Footnote Anything that infulences the state of health in an individidual and/or distributino of health states in a population
29
Fundamental Assumption of Diseases
Diseases do not distribute randomly, distribute in relation to factor that determine health
30
Determinants of Health
The broad, yet interconnected factors that determine an individual’s health status ## Footnote range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations
31
Key determinants of health include
* income and social status * Employment and working conditions * Education and literacy * Childhood experiences * Physical environments * Social supports and coping skills * Healthy behaviours * Access to health services * Biology and genetic endowment * Gender * Culture * Race / racism
32
Dahlgren & Whitehead model levels
1. Age, Sex, And Constitutional Factors 2. Individual Lifestyle Factors 3. Social and Community Networks 4. Living And Working Conditions 5. General Socio-Economic, Cultural, And Environmental Conditions
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General Socio-Economic, Cultural, And Environmental Conditions
Distal factors that indulence individuals directly and indirectly ## Footnote ex. impacts of climate change
34
Living and Working Conditions
Includes our education systems, work environments, housing, health care services, access to water and food production
35
Social and Community Networks
Stronger levels of support/social networks = better health outcomes
36
Individual Lifestyle Factors
Factors associated with an individual’s health practices and behaviours, like eating or movement practices ## Footnote can be influenced by larger factors at family or community levels
37
Age, Sex, And Constitutional Factors
The factors closest, to an individual are related to personal and biological features of individuals
38
Social Determinants of Health
Specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health, that influence health outcomes ## Footnote shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national and local levels
39
Physical Determinants of Health
Factors in the physical environment which affect health risk and health outcomes ## Footnote -air quality and pollution -soil contamination -motor veichle usage and safety -our housing
40
Social & Physical Determinants of Health Examples
-Psychosocial factors -Biological factors -Environmental Factors -Health Policy Effects -Individual Behaviours
41
Examples of Root Causes to assess why various health conditions exist
-natural environment -macro issues -inequalities -underlying causes -built environment -social context -proximal causes -material circumstances -behavioural factors -psychosocial factors
42
Risk factor categories | Increase individuals risk of negative health outcome
* Intrinsic risk factors * Disease-related risk factors * Behavioural risk factors * Physical environment risk factors * Social environment risk factors
43
Intrinsic risk factors
non-modifiable and biological characteristics ## Footnote es. age, sex, and genetic makeup
44
Disease-related risk factors
Existing diseases may act as a risk factor ## Footnote ex. diabetes and cardiovascular disease
45
Behavioural risk factors
personal behaviours or lifestyle choices ## Footnote ex. tobacco smoking/use and alcohol use
46
Physical Environment
exposure to contaminants such as air pollution and a lack of access to services such as healthcar
47
Social Environment
interpersonal relationships and community networks
48
common risk factors
* Under or over nutrition * Other dietary risks (i.e., nutrient deficiencies) * High fasting plasma glucose * High or low body mass index * Unsafe sex (e.g., unprotected sexual intercourse) * Tobacco use * Alcohol use * Lack of water and appropriate sanitation * Exposure to air pollution or other environmental contaminants * Experiencing situations of trauma or stress
49
risk factors with the highest mortality rates
* High blood pressure * Smoking * Air pollution * High blood sugar * Obesity
50
Health status indicators are critical for 3 reasons
1. To determine the causes of illness, disability, and death 2. To carry out disease surveillance 3. To make comparisons about health within and across countries
51
Ways to measure health status of pop
-life expectancy at birth -noeonatal mortality rate * -infant mortality rate -unde 5 mortality rate -maternal mortality ratio ## Footnote *deaths of infants under 28 days in a given year per 1000 live births in the same year
52
BOTH SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS contribute to health disparities across the world
53
Health Inequity (WHO's def)
differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age
54
Health Inequity (Margaret whitehead's def)
Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable, but also unfair and unjust
55
Morbidity
Prevalence of a disease or illness
56
Mortaility
Another word for death
57
Vital Statistic
Accumulated records of the births and deaths within a population
58
Life expectany at birth
The average number of years a newborn baby would be expected to live if the current mortality trends remained for the rest of the newborn’s life
59
Noeonatal Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births in that same year
60
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births in a given year
61
Under-5 Mortality Rate
The probability that a newborn infant will die before reaching the age of 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births
62
Maternal Mortality Ratio
The number of women who die as a result of complications due to pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births in a given year
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63
Most of child mortality is
neonatal
64
Quantitative
collecting and analyzing data that is mainly expressed as **numbers** | survey, statistiscs, health records
65
# ualitative Qualitative
collecting and analyzing data that is mainly expressed as **words** or **images**. | interview, focus group, communit-based participatory study

GLPH 171 (6 decks)

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