Module 1

Question 1

What is a characteristic of health

Answer 1

Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the body

Question 2

What is a disease

Answer 2

definite pathological process with characteristics of signs and symptoms

Question 3

What are examples of disease prevention

Answer 3

vaccinations, vision screening, BP clinics, reducing stress, prophylactic medications, dietary modification

Question 4

What are prophylactic medications used for

Answer 4

prevent infection, excessive bleeding and other conditions

Question 5

Health Science Research in 3 Stages

Answer 5

Stage 1: basic science (research) carried out in a lab and often requires the use of animals or cell/tissue cultures
Stage 2: involves a small number of human subjects to determine if therapy is safe
Stage 3: only takes place if the results of previous research are positive. It involves a large number of patients with the disease or risk for disease.

Question 6

Macroscopics vs Microscopic

Answer 6

Macro: organ or system level
Micro: cellular level

Question 7

What is Etiology

Answer 7

study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder

Question 8

What are examples of Etiological agents

Answer 8

1. congenital defects
2. inherited or genetic factors
3. microorganisms and infections
4. dysfunctions of the immune system
   5.metobolic abnormalities
5. degenerative changes
6. malignancy
7. Burns or other trauma
8. environmental factors
9. nutritional deficiencies

Question 9

What is Idiopathic

Answer 9

disease of unknown cause or spontaneous origin

Question 10

what is Iatrogenic

Answer 10

disease that results from an activity/procedure or an error

Question 11

What is Pathogenisis

Answer 11

Development of the disease or sequence of events involved in tissue/cell changes related to disease process

Question 12

What does insidious mean

Answer 12

acute or sudden

Question 13

What is a subclinical state

Answer 13

A state in the disease process when pathologic changes in the organ/tissue occur but no signs or symptoms are present

Question 14

What is the latent stage

Answer 14

aka “silent” stage where clinical signs are absent.

Question 15

What is the prodromal period

Answer 15

period of time during early development of disease when signs are non-specific. (ie. fatigue, loss of appetite, headache)

Question 16

What is a lesion

Answer 16

term to describe a specific local change in the tissue. can occur at microscopic level or highly visible

Question 17

What is a syndrome

Answer 17

refers to collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ

Question 18

What is a precipitating factor

Answer 18

factor that triggers an acute episode

Question 19

What is sequelae

Answer 19

potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition (eg. paralysis after a stroke)

Question 20

Another word for convalescence

Answer 20

rehabilitation

Question 21

What is morbidity

Answer 21

incidence or prevalence of a disease in a population (disease rate). the term is occasionally used to indicate the functional impairment of a certain condition or disease can cause

Question 22

What is an endemic

Answer 22

refers to a disease that is normally always present in a specific region or culture

Question 23

What is an epidemic

Answer 23

When a disease occurs at a greater frequency than usual in a population of a given area

Question 24

what are 2 factors used to track the occurrence of a disease

Answer 24

1. Incidence
2. Prevelance

Question 25

Are all notifiable (reportable) diseases also communicable diseases? Give an example.

Answer 25

No. An example is Lyme's disease; it is a notifiable but not communicable disease.

Question 26

Give an example where constant updating of a health issue is important in responding to a possible new health threat.

Answer 26

Eg. New information regarding the 2009-2010 swine flu outbreaks enabled scientists to develop a more effective vaccine, which probably contributed to the prevention of a potential pandemic.

Question 27

Why is research in the health sciences often a lengthy process?

Answer 27

It involves three separate stages to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a new therapy.

Question 28

Why is something like a cold, a condition that obviously affects homeostasis, not considered a disease?

Answer 28

A disease refers to a change in homeostasis that is not restored without intervention. A cold will usually run its course and the body's natural defenses will return to a normal homeostasis without intervention.

Question 29

How does disease damage cells

Answer 29

-alterations in metabolic process -reduduced levels of ATP -altered pH of cytoplasm -damage to the plasma -membrane and its receptors

Question 30

Which 2 ways is atrophy described

Answer 30

1. physiologic- occurs with age and involves cells within the entire body. 2. Pathologic- is a result of insufficient nutrition and or decreased stimulation (either neurological or hormonal)

Question 31

What is hyperplasia

Answer 31

increased number of cells from an increased rate of cell division resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

Question 32

Compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 32

a physiologic response, an adaptive mechanism that allows certain organs (e.g., the liver) to regenerate.

Question 33

Pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 33

refers to the abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can be caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or the effect of growth factors on target cells. Under certain circumstances, this condition may represent an increased risk of cancer.

Question 34

hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 34

also a physiologic response resulting from hormonal stimulation. This type of hyperplasia occurs mainly in estrogen-dependent organs such as the uterus and breast.

Question 35

What is metaplasia

Answer 35

reversible change of one cell type into another

Question 36

What is dysplasia

Answer 36

refers to abnormal change in size, shape and organization of mature cells. Large nuclei are generally present and the rate of mitosis is increased. This condition may be a result of chronic irritation, infection, or it may be a precancerous change.

Question 37

What is anaplasia

Answer 37

refers to undifferentiated cells containing variable nuclear and cell structures as well as numerous mitotic figures. Anaplasia is characteristic of cancer.

Question 38

What is another word for neoplasm

Answer 38

tumor- means "new growth"

Question 39

What is apoptosis

Answer 39

cell damage that typically affects single cells (tidy process that does not trigger much inflammation) aka normal cell death

Question 40

how can cells get injured

Answer 40

-Ischemia, a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, due to circulatory obstruction -Physical agents, excessive heat or cold, or radiation exposure -Mechanical damage such as pressure or tearing of tissue -Chemical toxins -Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites -Abnormal metabolites accumulating in cells -Nutritional deficits -Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes

Question 41

What and how does Ischemia occur

Answer 41

-it is a restriction of blood supply -occurs when there is insufficient blood supply, usually from a functional constriction or physical obstruction of a blood vessel. The tissue will not receive adequate oxygen, resulting in reduced cellular metabolism

Question 42

What is proptosis

Answer 42

results in the lysis or dissolution of the cell, releasing destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue, which cause inflammation (swelling, redness, and pain) as well as damage to nearby cells and reduced function.

Question 43

What is necrosis

Answer 43

represents the sum of morphologic changes that indicates cell death. It may involve a group of cells, a tissue, part of a structure, or an organ.

Question 44

What is gangrene

Answer 44

refers to an area of necrotic tissue, generally associated with a loss of vascular supply and often followed by bacterial invasion.

Question 45

What are the 3 sub categories of gangrene

Answer 45

1. dry 2. wet 3. gas

Question 46

What is infarction

Answer 46

Area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen

Question 47

Explain how the condition of hyperplasia may eventually progress to neoplasia (cancer)

Answer 47

Hyperplasia involves the rapid increase in cell number, usually resulting in a larger cell mass. In the case of pathologic hyperplasia the increase is abnormal and could be a result of hormonal stimulation or effect on growth factors. This could in some cases lead to dysplasia in which the shape and structure of the cells also become abnormal. If the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells continues, a cancer may develop.

Question 48

Explain why the formation of necrotic tissue from a microbial infection would not be attributed to the process of apoptosis.

Answer 48

Apoptosis involves cell death caused by normal processes—it is often called programmed cell death. There need not be any external factors involved as the cell's death is determined by its genes.